chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
nature of personality disorders
A
- endured and relatively stable predispositions
- patterns of perceiving, relating, thinking
- inflexible, causes distress or impairment
- genetic and environmental factors
2
Q
stats
A
- prevalence: 0.5-2.5% of people
- chronic if untreated
- high comorbidity
- clinician bias: tendency towards gender bias, certain people get certain diagnoses
3
Q
cluster a
A
- social skills deficits, odd, eccentric, unusual behaviours
- high risk of suicide
4
Q
paranoid pd
A
- distrust/suspiciousness so others motives are interpreted as malevolent
- thinks others are exploiting, harming, deceiving them
- preoccupied with doubts about loyalty, trustworthiness
- sees hidden meanings in benign remarks or events and perceives personal attacks on his/her character
- all thoughts unjustified
- need 4/7 symptoms
5
Q
paranoid pd causes
A
- biological and psychological contributions unclear
- may result from early learning that the world is a dangerous place
6
Q
paranoid pd treatment
A
- few seek on their own
- focuses on development of trust
- cog therapy to counter negative thinking
- lack studies proving effectiveness
7
Q
schizoid pd
A
- detachment from socail relationships, restricted emotions in interpersonal settings
- doesnt enjoy or desire close relationships
- lacks friends
- little interest in sex
- indifferent to criticism
- emotional coldness, detachment, flattened affectivity
- 4/7 symptoms
8
Q
causes of schizoid pd
A
- specific etiology unclear
- possible familial link to schizophrenia and schizotypical pd
9
Q
schizoid pd treatment
A
- few seek help on their own
- focus on value of relationships, empathy, social skills
- prognosis poor
- lack evidence for treatment effectiveness
10
Q
schizotypical pd
A
- social deficits
- discomfort with/reduced capacity for relationships
- lacks friends
- social anxiety with paranoid features
- odd beliefs that influences behaviour
- suspiciousness or paranoia
- inappropriate or constricted affect
- unusual perceptual experiences like bodily illusions
- behaviour, speech, appearance that is odd, eccentric or peculiar
- 5/9 symptoms
11
Q
schizotypical associated features
A
- risk for developing schizophrenia high
- 30-50% meet criteria for mdd
12
Q
schizotypical causes
A
- possible phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype
- left hemisphere, prefrontl corgex, temporal lobe deficits
13
Q
schizotypical treatments
A
- focus on developing social skill, addressing depression
- antipsychotics show mild to moderate symptom improvement
14
Q
cluster b
A
- dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviours
15
Q
narcissistic personality disorder
A
- grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
- grandiose sense of one’s own importance
- preoccupation of ones sense of own importance
- belief that one is special/unique
- sense of entitlement
- demands of special attention
- gets envious, arrogant, haughty
- 5/9 symptoms
16
Q
narcissistic associated features
A
- many suffer from depression
- many have difficulty with changes due to aging
- ## men and women equal
17
Q
narcissistic causes
A
- genetic links
- early failure to learn empathy
18
Q
narcissistic treatment
A
- focuses on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking, cooccuring depression
- little evidence that treatment is effective
19
Q
histrionic pd
A
- excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- being uncomfortable when not centre of attention
- used physical appearance to draw attention to ones self
- self dramatization, theatricality, exaggerated expression of emotion
- interaction with others is often sexually seductive or provocative
- considers relationships to be more intimate than they really aer
- 5/8 symptoms
20
Q
histrionic associated features
A
- many suffer from depression
- higher ratio of females
21
Q
histrionic causes
A
- unknown
22
Q
histrionic treatment
A
- focuses on attention seeking and problematic interpersonal behaviours
- little evidence that its effective
23
Q
borderline personality diseder
A
- instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, affect, impulsivity
- intense interpersonal relationships alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
- extreme fears of abandonment, tries to avoid
- chronic feelings of emptiness
- impulsivity in 2+ areas
- reavtive mood leading to affect instability, inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
- recurrent suicidal behaviour or self mutilation
- transier, stress related paranoid ideation
- 5-9 symptoms
24
Q
borderline associated features
A
- high comorbidity: depression, bipolar, substance abuse, bulimia
- high ratesof suicide
25
Q
borderline causes
A
- genetic, neurological, environmental, psychological links
- deficits in preforntal cortex and limbic system
- early trauma and abuse play an etiologcal role
- high rates of rejection sensitivity
26
Q
borderline treatment
A
- antidepressants provide some short term relief
- dialectical behaviour therapy most promising
27
Q
antisocial personality disorder
A
- disregard for and violation of rights of others - failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviour
s - deception, deceitfulness, lack of remorse
- irritability and agressiveness
- lack of empathy and a reckless disregard for safety
- impulsivity and irresponsibility
28
Q
aspd associated features
A
- high incidence of substance abuse
- many have histories of adhd, learning difficulties, behavioural problems
- inconsistent parenting
- long term outcome is poor
29
Q
to be diagnosed with aspd
A
- 3/7 symptoms
- be at least 18
- have symptoms evident before 15
30
Q
psychopathy
A
- subgroup of aspd
- callousness towards others
- deceptiveness
- lacks remorse
- manipulative
- lacks empathy
- egocentric
31
Q
aspd cause
A
- genetic influence
- deficits in prefrontal cortex and related problems with executive functioning and inability to inhibit impulses
- underarousal hypothesis: low cortical issues
- cortical immaturity hypothesis: cerebral cortex not fully developed
- fearlessness hypothesis: fail to respond with fear to danger cues
- family stress, interaction styles, quality of parenting
- modeling of antisocial behaviour
32
Q
aspd treatment
A
- emphasis on rehab and prevention
- few seek on their own
- high recidivism rates
- early intervention: parent training
- prevention: rewards for pro-social behaviour, skills training, improve social competence
33
Q
cluster c
A
- anxiousness and fearfulness
- causes largely unknown
34
Q
dependent personality disorder
A
- pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading one to be clingy
- difficulty making decisions, initiating projects, doing things on one’s own
- cant disagree with others
- excessive lengths to get support
- need others to be responsibel for them
- seeks a new relationship when one ends
- 5/8 symptoms
35
Q
dependent associated features
A
- motivated by anxiety
36
Q
dependent causes
A
- unknown
37
Q
dependent treatment
A
- cbt and social skills training
- skills that foster dependence
38
Q
avoidant pd
A
- social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity
- fears of criticism, disapproval, rejection
- views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, inferior to others
- preoccupied with being criticized or rejected
- avoidance of most all activities involving significant interpersonal contact
- reluctant to take personal risks
4/7 symptoms
39
Q
avoidant associated features
A
- distriuted equally among men and women
40
Q
avoidant causes
A
- hypothesized shared genetic vulnerability with sad
- linked to early development
41
Q
treatment options
A
- simialr to those of sad
- targets social skills and anxiety
42
Q
obsessiveness compulsiveness pd
A
- preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, mental control at the expense of flexibilty and openness-
- preoccupation with details, rules, lists, order, organization, schedules so that the point of the activity is lost
- perfectionism, devotion to workl, cant work with others
- stubborn
- overly contientious, scrupulous, inflexible with morals, values
- cant throw thigns out
- 4/8 symptoms
43
Q
ocpd associated clinical features
A
- obsessions and compusions are rare
- one of most prevalent pds
44
Q
causes
A
strong genetic links
45
Q
treatment
A
- adresses fears reated to need for orderliness, feelings of inadequacy
- data supporting treatment limited
