chapter 11

Question 1

substance related disorders

Answer 1

• pattern of recurrent substance use
• cogntive, behavioral, physiological symptoms
• changes in brain circuits
• to diagnose: must have 2-11 symptoms over 12mp
• mild (2 sympt) to severe (6+ sympt)
• extremely rewarding but just feel good fast
• potential for addiction high because dont have to work for rewards

Question 2

alcohol

Answer 2

• central ns depressant: initally depresses inhibitory centers in brain, influences NTs like gaba, glutamate, serotonin
• effects of chronic alcohol use: alcohol withdrawal, brain conditions, fasd, liver disease

Question 3

stimulants: amphetamines

Answer 3

• elation, vigor, reduced fatigue
• increased hr, bp, respiration, insomnia, loss of appetite
• blocks reuptake fo 5ht, ne, da, increases stimulation of da neurons
• severe intoxication/overdose: panic, agitation, stimulant, psychosis
• addictive
• tolerance and dependence common
• withdrawal like depression
• sometimes given in low doses for adhd

Question 4

stimulants: cocaine

Answer 4

• short lived sensations of elation, vigor, reduced fatigue, increased alertness
• increases bp, hr, insomnie, loss of appetite
• blocks reuptake of 5ht, ne, da, increases stimulation of da neurons in pleasure pathway, followed by a crahs
• highly addictive but develops slowly
• consequences: paranoia, depressed mood, psychological symptoms
• crack a problem bc quick high and cheap

Question 5

opiates and opiods

Answer 5

opoids
- natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects
- heroin, codeine, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl
effects
- binds to opioid receptors, activates enkephalines and endorphines, increased dopamine in brains pleasure centres
- low doses: euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing
- high doses: result in death quickly from respiration suppression
- quick tolerance
- withdrawal: nausea, vomiting, chills, doesnt gett better until 72h later but starts 8h after dose

Question 6

hallucinogens

Answer 6

• change perception
• may produce delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, dissociative expereinces, altered sensory perception
• lsd, shrooms, pcp
• mimics nts
• tolerance builds quickly
• withdrawal uncommon

Question 7

cannabis

Answer 7

• associated with mood swings, heightened sensory experiences, dream like states, large doses: paranoia and hallucinations
• frequent users get impaired memory, concentration, reduced self esteem, relationship impairment
• neurological effects on development: alterations on matter, volume, neuronal connectivity, leads to behavioural effects
• withdrawal syndrome: mood disturbances and physical symptoms

Question 8

family and genetic influences

Answer 8

• strong genetic component
• genes that may influence alcoholism and alcohol consumption levels
• differences found in alcohol metabolism
• polygenetic
• less alcoholism in groups that have a harder time metabolizing

Question 9

neurobiological influences

Answer 9

• addiction involes several brain regions and neurocircuitry related to reward, motivation, memory, impulse control
• activates pleasure pathway: da system, nts that are responsible for anxiety may be inhibited by substances

Question 10

psychological dimensions-

Answer 10

• positive and negative reinforcements: pleasurable effects of substances, self medication, use to cope
• opponent process theory: uses reinforcement model to explain continued use and abuse
• role of expectancy: expectancies regarding effects and use have indirect influence on relapse

Question 11

social and cultural dimensions

Answer 11

• exposure is a prerequisite for use
• modelled by parents
• if parents are alcholics its more likely for kids to be
• abuse = moral weakness, failure of self control, sign of disease
• culture influences hw use/abuse is manifested,
• cultural expectations

Question 12

treatment biological

Answer 12

• agonist substitution: safe drug with similar chemical composition
• antagonist treatment: blocks pleasurable effects
• aversive treatment: makes ingestion of substances unpleasant
• other meds to cope with withdrawal or reduce cravings
• efficacy: limited when used alone, better with psychological treatment

Question 13

psychosocial treatment

Answer 13

- individual and group therapy
= aversion therapy and covert sensitization 
- contingency management 
- community reinforcement 
- relapse prevention 
- community education to prevent 
- alcoholics anonymous
- controlled use, harm reduction

Question 14

gambling disorder

Answer 14

• recurrent problematic gambling that disrupts life
• gamble with increasing $ to achieve excitement’
• gamble more when money lost
• gambles when distressed
• jeopardizes relationships, jobs
• relies on others to provide$ to relieve financial situation
• lies to conceal involvemetn
• repeated attempts to control or stop

Question 15

gambling disorder subtypes

Answer 15

• motivated by action

- motivated by escap e

Question 16

gd onset and duration

Answer 16

• young adults and middle aged
• earlier onset associated with impulsivity and substance abuse
• for diagnosis 4+ symptoms in 12 months, impairment and distress

Question 17

gd treatment

Answer 17

• less than 10% seek treatment

- cbt that targets gambling motivation showing promise