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OAT- Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

building block of DNA

A

dNTP

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2
Q

nucleoside

A

ribose with a purine or pyrimdine linked to the 1’ carbon

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3
Q

nucleotides

A

phosphate esters of nucleosides

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4
Q

deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)

A

when nucleotides contain three phosphate residues

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5
Q

backbone of DNA

A

ribose and phosphate portion of the nucleotide

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6
Q

Oligonucleotide

A

a polymer of several nucleotides linked together

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7
Q

Polynucleotide

A

A polymer of many nucleotides linked together

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8
Q

Watson and Crick model

A

Cellular DNA is a right-handed double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between bases.

The helix pattern resets itself once every 34 angstroms, which is every 10 base pairs. Width is always 20 angstroms.

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9
Q

H-bonded pair always consists of a

A

Purine plus a pyrimidine

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10
Q

Annealing/Hybridization

A

The binding of two complementary stands of DNA into a double-stranded structure

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11
Q

Melting/Denaturation

A

Speration of strands

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12
Q

Tm

A

Temperature at which a solution of DNA molecules is 50% melted

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13
Q

Tm is (higher/Lower) in pairs of AT

A

lower, it takes less kinetic energy to disrupt 2 hydrogen bonds than 3

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14
Q

Genome

A

sum total of an organisms genetic information

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

each piece of ds-DNA

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16
Q

Is there a correlation between genome size and evolutionary sophistication?

A

No

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17
Q

Organisms with the largest genome

A

amphibians

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18
Q

DNA gyrase

A

uses energy of ATP to twist the gigantic circular molecule and then breaks the DNA and twists the sides of the circle around each other

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19
Q

Supercoils

A

Created by DNA gyrase; coils of a structure that’s already coiled

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20
Q

Histones

A

because eukaryotic DNA needs denser packing, DNA is wrapped around these gobular proteins

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21
Q

Nucleosomes

A

composed of DNA wrapped around an octamer of Histones

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

Fully packed DNA

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23
Q

Histones are composed of

A

Basic amino acids; Arginine & Lysine

Histones need to be basic since they must be attracted to acidic DNA

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24
Q

How does DNA affect cells

A

it contains sequences of nucleotides known as genes that serve as templates for the production of another nucleic acid known as RNA

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25
Q

Transcription

A

Process of reading DNA and writing the information as RNA

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26
Q

Once DNA is converted to RNA, RNA serves as a

A

messenger from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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27
Q

Once the RNA reaches the cytoplasm

A

it is read and the information is written down as protein

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28
Q

Translation

A

production of proteins from RNA

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29
Q

Central Dogma

A

mechanism where inherited information is used to create actual objects; enzymes and structural proteins

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30
Q

Exception to the Central Dogma

A

certain viruses (retroviruses) which make DNA from RNA

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31
Q

How DNA orchestrates protein synthesis

A

DNA is copied into a messenger RNA

mRNA travels to the cytoplasm where it encounters the ribosomes and other components of protein synthesis

The ribosome synthesizes polypeptides according to the DNA’s original orders

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32
Q

Genetic Code

A

language used by DNA and mRNA to specify the building blocks of proteins

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33
Q

Alphabet used by the genetic code

A

A, T, C, G

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34
Q

Codon

A

nucleic acid word ( nucleotide letters)

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35
Q

Three stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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36
Q

How many codons are there

A

64

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37
Q

All four of the codons with the same first two nucleotides

A

encode the same amino acid

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38
Q

Although an amino acid may be specified by several codons

A

each codon specifies only a single amino acid

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39
Q

Each piece of DNA can be interpreted only one way, meaning the code has no

A

ambiguity

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40
Q

Causes of mutation

A

mistakes in replication of the genome during cell division

chance chemical malformations (such as spontaneous deamination; loss of nitrogen group)

environmental agents such as chemicals and ultraviolet light

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41
Q

Intercalating

A

Purines and pyrimidine a with large flat aromatic ring structures cause mutations by inserting themselves between base pairs

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42
Q

Mutagen

A

any compound that can cause mutations

43
Q

Three kinds of mutations

A

(1) point mutations, (2) insertion mutations, (3) deletions mutations

44
Q

Point mutations

A

single base pair substitutions

45
Q

Three types of point mutations

A

missense mutations: cause one amino acid to be replaced with a different amino acid

nonsense mutations: cause a stop codon to replace a regular codon

silent mutations: change a codon into a new codon for the same amino acid

46
Q

Conservative mutations

A

missense mutations that lead to little change in the structure and function of the gene product

47
Q

Insertion

A

refers to the addition of one more extra nucleotide into the DNA sequence

48
Q

Deletion

A

the removal of nucleotides from the sequence

49
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

mutations causing a change in the reading frame

50
Q

Switching the 3rd nucleotide in the majority of the codons

A

will not have any effect

51
Q

Replication

A

Duplication of the DNA; required by cell division

52
Q

Daughter cells have the

A

same genome as the parents

53
Q

Replication occurs during

A

S (synthesis) phase in the interphase of the cell cycle

54
Q

Replication occurs by

A

Pulling apart the individual strands of the double-stranded parent,then a new daughter strand is synthesized using the parental DNA as a template to copy from

55
Q

Semiconservative DNA replication

A

One strand of the newly synthesized DNA is from the parent and one is from the daughter

56
Q

DNA polymerase (DNA pol)

A

the enzyme catalyze a the elongation of the daughter strand using the parental template

57
Q

Replication rules

A

Polymerization occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, without exception

DNA pol requires a template

DNA pol requires a primer

58
Q

Helicase

A

the enzyme that unwinds the double helix and separates the strands

59
Q

Origin of replication

A

the place where the helicase begins to unwind

60
Q

Topoisomerase

A

cut one or both of the strands and unwrap the helix, releasing the excess tension created by the helicase

61
Q

Single stranded binding proteins

A

Protect DNA which has been unpackaged in preparation for replication and help keep the strands separated

62
Q

Replication forks

A

areas where the parental double helix continues to unwind

63
Q

Leading strand

A

bottom daughter strand, elongates continuously right into the winning replication fork

64
Q

Lagging strand

A

Must wait until the replication fork widens before beginning to polymerize, the top daughter strand

65
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

small chunks of DNA comprising the lagging strand

66
Q

Replication forks grow

A

away from the origin in both directions

67
Q

All RNA primers are replaced by

A

DNA, and the fragments are joined by an enzyme called DNA ligase

68
Q

In eukaryotic replication

A

each chromosome has several origins

69
Q

Prokaryotes have only one

A

chromosome, this chromosome has only one origin. Since the chromosome is circular, partially replicated genome being to look like theta sign

70
Q

RNA is chemically distinct from DNA in 3 ways

A

RNA is single stranded, except in some viruses

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

The pentose ring in RNA is ribose rather than 2’ deoxyribose

71
Q

The pentose ring in RNA being ribose rather than 2’deoxyribose causes RNA polymer to be

A

less stable

72
Q

Three types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA and tRNA

73
Q

mRNA

A

carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it can translated into protein

74
Q

Monocistronic

A

obeys the “one gene, one protein” principle. Each piece of mRNA encodes one and only one polypeptide

75
Q

There are as many different mRNA’s as there are

A

proteins

76
Q

Cells regulate

A

the amount of each particular protein they synthesize

77
Q

Polycistronic

A

prokaryotic mRNA often codes for more than one polypeptide

78
Q

rRNA

A

serves as components of the ribosome and many polypeptide chains.

Provides the catalytic function of the ribosome

79
Q

tRNA

A

responsible for translating the genetic code

80
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis or RNA using DNA as the template

81
Q

Transcription has a lower

A

fidelity process than replication

82
Q

Start site

A

the site where transcription starts

83
Q

Promoter

A

Sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that activates RNA polymerase to begin the process of transcription

84
Q

The amount of each protein are in every cell is controlled by

A

the amount of mRNA that gets transcribed

85
Q

Template non-coding, transcribed or antisense strand

A

Strand which is actually transcribed and is complementary to the transcript

86
Q

Coding or sense strand

A

same sequence as the transcript (expect it has a T in place of U)

87
Q

Prokaryotes have no nucleus

A

transcription and translation occurs freely in the cytoplasm and simultaneously

88
Q

Eukaryotes must transcribe their mRNA in the

A

nucleus, then modify it, then transport it across the nucleus membrane to the cytoplasm where it can be translated

89
Q

Splicing

A

A way in which eukaryotic primary transcript is modified extensively before translation

90
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding sequences intervening between the segments that actually code for proteins

91
Q

Exons

A

protein-coding regions of the RNA and are actually expressed

92
Q

5’ Cap

A

essential for translation. While both the cap and the poly-A tail are important in preventing digestion of the mRNA by exonucleases that are free in the cell

93
Q

During translation, an mRNA molecule

A

attaches to a ribosome at a specific codon, and the appropriate amino acid is delivered by the tRNA molecule

94
Q

Anticodon

A

responsible for recognizing the mRNA codon to be translated

95
Q

Amino acid acceptor site

A

which is where the amino aid is attached to the tRNA

96
Q

tRNA moves through how many sites?

A

3; A –> P –> E

97
Q

Initiation

A

requires the formation of the 70S initiation complex. Initiator tRNA sits in the P site of the 70S ribosome, hydrogen-bonded with the start codon

98
Q

Elongation

A

1st step: second amino acid-tRNA enters the A site and hydrogen bonds with the second codon

2nd step: peptidoglycan transferase activity of the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the 1st amino acid and the 2nd amino

3rd step: translocation: tRNA #1 (now empty) moves into the E site, tRNA #2 (holding the growing peptide) moves into the P site and the next codon will translated into the A site

99
Q

Termination

A

occurs when a stop codon appears in the A site. Release factor now enters the A site

100
Q

Eukaryotic translation

A

the ribosome is larger (80S, the mRNA must be processed before it can be translated, and the N-terminal amino acid is different

101
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA

A

must not only be spliced, capped and tailed, but it also requires transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

transcription and translation cannot proceed simultaneously

102
Q

Ratios of purine to pyrmidines is

A

Always 50:50 since each purine is paired with a pyrimidine

103
Q

Which chain will be more tightly bound, CG or AT?

A

Chain containing mostly GC will bind more closely due to 3H bonds unlike AT with 2H bonds

OAT- Biology (10 decks)

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