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OAT- Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study for energetics of chemical reactions.

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2
Q

Heat energy

A

movement of molecules

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds

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4
Q

Entropy

A

(S) increase in disorder

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5
Q

Enthalpy

A

(H)

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6
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

ΔG = ΔH-TΔS

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7
Q

ΔG’s changes

A

ΔG increases with increasing ΔH (bond energy) and decreases with increasing entropy.

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8
Q

The change in Gibbs free energy of a reaction determines

A

whether the reaction is favorable (spontaneous, ΔG negative) or unfavorable (non spontaneous, ΔG positive)

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9
Q

Exergonic (ΔG)

A

energy exists the system

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10
Q

Endergonic (ΔG)

A

only occur if energy is added

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11
Q

ΔH <0

A

Liberates Heat; exothermic

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12
Q

ΔH>0

A

Require input of heat; endothermic

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13
Q

The signs of thermodynamically quantities are assigned from the point of view

A

of the system, not the surrounding do the universe

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14
Q

Spontaneous means

A

that a reaction may proceed without additional energy input, but is says nothing about the rate of the reaction

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15
Q

ΔG does not depend on

A

the pathway a reaction takes or the rate of the reaction; it is only a measurement of the difference in free energy between reactants and products

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16
Q

Chemical Kinetics

A

study of reaction rates

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17
Q

Activation Energy (Ea)

A

energy required to produce the transient intermediate.|This barrier prevents many reactions from proceeding even though the ΔG for the reaction may be negative

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18
Q

Transition State (TS)

A

exists for a short time either moving forward to form product or breaking back down into reactants

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19
Q

Catalyst

A

lowers the Ea of a reaction without changing the ΔG.|Lowers the Ea by stabilizing the TS, making its existence less thermodynamically favorable. (enzymes are catalysts)

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20
Q

Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions in the cell can be driven forward by

A

reaction coupling

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21
Q

Reaction coupling

A

where one very favorable reaction is used to drive an unfavorable on. Free energy changes are additive.

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22
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

causes a conformational change in protein. Used to power energy

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23
Q

During ATP hydrolysis there is a transfer of phosphate

A

from ATP to a substrate

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24
Q

One reaction in a test tube

A

the enzyme is a catalyst with a kinetic role only. It influences the rate of the reaction, but not the outcome

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25
Q

Many “real life” reactions in the cell

A

enzyme controls outcomes by selectively promoting unfavorable reactions via reaction coupling

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26
Q

Enzymes are proteins that

A

must fold into specific three-dimensional structures to act as
catalyst

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27
Q

Active site

A

the region in the enzyme’s

three-dimensional structure that is directly involved in catalysis

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28
Q

How is the active site’s transition state stabilized

A

the active site has amino acid residues that stabilize the transition state of the reaction

29
Q

The active site for enzymes is generally highly

A

specific in substrate recognition, including stereo specificity

30
Q

Substrates

A

reactants in an enzyme

31
Q

Covalent Modification

A

proteins can have several different groups covalently attached to them|This can regulate their activity, lifespan of the cell, and or cellular location|Different sites on an enzyme can either activate or inactivate the enzyme

32
Q

Proteolytic Cleavage

A

many enzymes are synthesized in inactive forms that are activated by cleavage by a protease

33
Q

Association with other polypeptides

A

associations with other polypeptides can affect enzyme activity|Some proteins demonstrate continuous rapid catalysis if their regulatory subunit is removed|There are other proteins that require association with another peptide in order to function

34
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

binding of small molecules to particular sites on an enzyme that are distinct from the active site or on another polypeptide. Non covalent and reversible. An Allosteric regulator can alter the conformation of the enzyme to increase decrease catalysis

35
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Enzymes usually act as part of pathways, not alone. In a pathway there are one or two key enzymes that are regulated.

36
Q

Feedforward stimulation

A

stimulation of an enzyme by its substrate, or by a molecule used in the synthesis of the substrate

37
Q

Enzyme Kinetics

A

the study of the rate of formation of products from substrates in the presence of an enzyme

38
Q

The reaction rate (V, for velocity)

A

is the amount of product formed per unit time (mols).

39
Q

Reaction rate is directly proportional

A

to the amount of substrate added

40
Q

Once an enzyme is saturated (Vmax)

A

there is so much substrate that every active site is continuously occupied and adding more substrate does not affect the rate of the reaction

41
Q

Michaelis constant (Km)

A

substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is half its max

42
Q

Enzyme inhibitors

A

can reduce enzyme activity by competitive/non competitive inhibition

43
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

(resembles the TS) molecules compete with substrate for binding at the active site. Inhibition can be overcome by adding more substrate.|Km increases, Vmax stays the same

44
Q

Non Competitive Inhibitor

A

binds at an Allosteric site. No matter how much substrate is added the inhibitor will not be displaced from its site of action.

45
Q

Oxidize

A

Attach oxygen (or increase the number of bonds to oxygen)|Remove hydrogen|Remove electrons

46
Q

Reduce

A

Remove oxygen (or decrease the number of bonds to oxygen)|Add hydrogen|Add electrons

47
Q

When one atom gets reduced

A

another one must be oxidized. They are called redox pairs

48
Q

Oxidation of glucose

A

ATP and NADH and pyruvate in glycolysis|Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: NADH per glucose (one per Pyruvate)|Krebs Cycle: NADH, FADH and GTP per glucose

49
Q

Fermentation

A

regenerates NAD + in anaerobic conditions, this allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen

50
Q

Two goals of oxidative phosphorylation: (can be performed by bacteria too)

A

Reoxidize all the electron carriers reduced in glycolysis, PDC, and the Krebs cycle and store energy in the form of ATP in the process|Eukaryotes use the inner mitochondrial membrane; bacteria just use their cell membrane

51
Q

Oxidative Phosporilation

A

oxidation of the high

52
Q

ATP synthase

A

large protein complex which contains a proton channel that spans the inner membrane. ATP production is dependent on a proton gradient

53
Q

High pH

A

low [H+]

54
Q

FADH’s function

A

FADH gives its electrons to ubiquitous instead of NADH dehydrogenase. By bypassing the first proton pump,|FADH is only responsible for the pumping of six protons across the inner membrane

55
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breakdown. Occurs in response to glucagon, when blood sugar levels are low. Releases glucose into the blood

56
Q

Glucogenesis

A

occurs when dietary sources of glucose are unavailable, and when the liver has depleted stores of glucose.|Primarily occurs in the liver and involves converting noncarbohydrate precursor molecules into oxaloacetate and then glucose.

57
Q

Beta- Oxidation

A

Generates one NADH and one FADH2 for each 2-carbon group removed. The acetyl-CoA can then enter the Krebs cycle. The glycerol back bone of the TAG can be converted into glucose and can enter cellular respiration at glycolysis.

58
Q

Amino acid Catabolism

A

amino acid group is removed and converted into urea for excretion. The remaining carbon skeleton (alpha-keto acid) can either be broken down into water and CO2, or can be converted to glucose or acetyl-CoA.

59
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process by which plants and other photo autotrophs utilize light energy to synthesize carbohydrates

60
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

Process in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into more complex organic molecules

61
Q

G–P

A

can be used to produce glucose and other organic molecules

62
Q

Light dependent and light independent reactions

A

are inexorably linked; neither set of reactions alone can produce carbohydrate from CO

63
Q

The Krebs Cycle and the Calvin Cycle

A

both series of reactions that regenerate their starting product. They both indirectly need a particular substance. Oxygen in the Krebs cycle and light for the Calvin Cycle. Krebs cycle seeks to oxidize carbohydrates to COS,|while the Calvin cycle seeks to reduce CO to carbohydrates

64
Q

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

A

Thylakiod membrane

65
Q

Where do light independent reactions occur?

A

stroma

66
Q

What is the energy production use of light dependent reactions?

A

produces ATP and NADPH

67
Q

What is the energy production use of light independent reactions?

A

uses ATP and NADPH

68
Q

What is the product of a light dependent reaction?

A

Oxygen

69
Q

What is the product of a light independent reaction?

A

carbohydrate

OAT- Biology (10 decks)

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