Chapter 5 Flashcards
Autophotographic research
participants carry disposable cameras with them for a short period of time and photograph aspects of their experience as directed by the researchers.
Card slot
research participants are given a stack of cards, each containing a single adjective or descriptive phrase. Participants are asked to sort the cards into piles that in their opinion belong together when describing a person, group of people, or themselves. Used to measure self-complexity, the number of different ways people view themselves and the degree of overlap among their self-views
Collateral Reports
3rd party responses to a questionnaire or interview. (Ex: 3rd Party = someone other than the participant provides information about the participant).
Control factors
aimed at determining the degree to which the physiological signal is influenced by factors not relevant to the hypothesis
Experience Sampling
requires participants to provide an account of what they are experiencing on repeated occasions over a short period of time.
Advantages
generates detailed information about the experiences of the respondents, relatively short lapse in time between the event of interest and participants’ responses to it, considerably fewer participants are required in order to meet the sample size demands of the statistical methods used to formally test hypotheses.
Disadvantages
is expensive, participants may not respond to questions immediately after they are signaled, etc.
Implicit association method
approach to measurement that focuses on constructs that can only be measured indirectly. Makes use of the computer administered Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure automatic evaluative judgments.
Interviewer effects
interviewer’s expectations or personal characteristics can influence responses
Paper & Pencil Questionnaires
Advantages: Low cost, avoidance of potential interviewer bias, less pressure for participants to give an immediate response, etc.
Disadvantages: Low Response Rate, accuracy and completeness of responses to questions, increased questionnaire length is associates with decreasing response rate, lack of control over question order, inability to control context of question answering in presence of other people.
Face to Face Interviews
Advantages: Most costly form of data collection, ability of the interviewer to notice and correct respondents’ misunderstandings, to probe inadequate or vague responses, and to answer questions and allay concerns of respondent, high quality of information, high response rate.
Disadvantage: interviewer effects (interviewer’s expectations or personal characteristics can influence responses), responses may have tendency to give invalid, socially desirable answers to suit the interviewer’s expectations or desires, high cost, etc.
Telephone Interviews
Advantages: high response rate, interview’s ability to correct misunderstandings, motivate the respondent, and probe for more detail when answers are vague, high data quality, substantially lower cost than face to face, can go through large numbers of respondents quickly.
Disadvantages: Sampling is a major issue (may end up interviewing a skewed sample size), interview effects are still possible, some questions are hard to ask over the phone due to their complexity, interviewer does not have visual cues.
Direct Questioning via the Internet
Advantages: possible to reach large and diverse populations at relatively low cost, possible to target very specific and otherwise hard-to-reach populations, permits participants to provide information at the time and place of their choosing.
Disadvantages: low response rates, response rates are also difficult to calculate (web pages calculate the response rates by doing “total responses/ total visits to page”), no way to confirm the person responding is the person they’re claiming to be, also unsure of which conditions people are in when they complete the survey.
Measurement
rules for assigning symbols, usually numbers, to objects (usually people).
Modes of Measurement
alternative measurement approaches to operationally defining a construct.
