Chapter 19

Question 1

ancestry approach

Answer 1

the reference lists of all the articles obtained so far checked to see if they cite any potentially relevant manuscripts that the search missed

Question 2

Cohen’s d

Answer 2

computed by subtracting the mean of the control group from the mean of the experimental group and dividing by the pooled standard deviation of two groups

Question 3

combining studies

Answer 3

arriving at an overall, bottom-line answer to the focused hypothesis of interest

Question 4

comparing studies

Answer 4

analyses that seek to document and explain variability among the effect sizes of the group of studies

Question 5

differential mortality

Answer 5

a higher percentage of people being dropped from one group compared to the others

Question 6

diffuse tests (tests of heterogeneity)

Answer 6

the goal is to determine whether there is significant variability among a group of effect sizes using a x^2 test

Question 7

effect size

Answer 7

the strength or magnitude of an association in the population or degree of departure from the null hypothesis

Question 8

electronic database

Answer 8

i.e. psycINFO or MEDLINE

Question 9

focused question

Answer 9

group of studies all address the same hypothesis

Question 10

focused tests

Answer 10

explicitly test hypotheses about the reasons for variability among effect sizes (advocates z test)

Question 11

fundamental equation of data analysis

Answer 11

significance level = size of effect x size of study

Question 12

invisible college

Answer 12

the network of researchers working on the topic

Question 13

key words

Answer 13

words entered when one searches by subject

Question 14

literature reviews

Answer 14

thorough search for all research conducted on the topic

Question 15

literature search

Answer 15

identify the relevant electronic database then decide on key-words

Question 16

meta-analysis

Answer 16

the results of studies are combined and analyzed quantitatively

Question 17

moderator variable

Answer 17

third variable that affects correlation of two variables

Question 18

narrative literature review

Answer 18

studies are described and summarized verbally

Question 19

psychometric properties

Answer 19

construction and validation of measurement instruments

Question 20

publication bias

Answer 20

the tendency to overstate the magnitude of a given effect because relevant non-significant findings or failures to replicate are not included in the review

Question 21

publication lag

Answer 21

the interval between manuscript acceptance and publication // usually exceeds a year

Question 22

standardized effect-size index

Answer 22

puts the results of all the studies on the same scales in order to compare results across studies meaningfully

Question 23

statistical power

Answer 23

the likelihood of finding an effect that exists in the population (opposite of type II error)

Question 24

thesaurus

Answer 24

lists the “official” phrasing for a key word topic and variations on the descriptor // most underused