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language of medicine > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

ingest

A

to take in for or as if for digestion

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2
Q

aid

A

to provide with what is useful or necessary in achieving an end.

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3
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs)
nhu động ruột

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4
Q

bolus

A

mass of food

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5
Q

1st part of the stomach

A

fundus (upper portion)

đáy vị

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6
Q

2nd part of the stomach

A

body (middle section)

thân vị

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7
Q

3rd part of the stomach

A

antrum (lower section)

hang vị

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8
Q

regurgitate

A

flowing backward from the normal direction

trào ngược

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9
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

relaxes and contracts to move

cơ thắt tâm vị

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10
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

allows food to leave the stomach when it is ready

cơ thắt môn vị

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11
Q

rugae

A

folds in the mucous membrane (mucosa)

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12
Q

1st part of the large intestine

A

doudenum

tá tràng

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13
Q

2nd part of the large intestine

A

jejunum

hổng tràng

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14
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall, probably bc it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
mật

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15
Q

ileum

A

hồi tràng

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16
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch

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17
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

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18
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant (RLQ). It literally means hanging (pend/o) on to (ap-, which is a form of ad-).

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19
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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20
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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21
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to the incisors. Also called cupids or eyeteeth.
răng nanh

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22
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

manh tràng

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23
Q

colon

A

large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum

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24
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and galbladder to the duodenum.

also called the choledochus

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25
Q

cystic

A

pt galbladder

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26
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

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27
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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28
Q

dentin

A

the primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
ngà răng

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29
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

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30
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long

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31
Q

elimination

A

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

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32
Q

emulsification

A

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

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33
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

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34
Q

enzyme

A

a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase

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35
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phago- means swallowing.

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36
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested.

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37
Q

feces

A

solid wastes; stool

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38
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver; stores bile.

Remember: gallbaldder is one word!

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39
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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40
Q

glycogen

A

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

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41
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

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42
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine; meaning twisted. When the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction.

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43
Q

incisor

A

one of four front teeth in the dental arch.

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44
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

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45
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine. This part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined postmortum

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46
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

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47
Q

liver

A

a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. The normal adult liver weighs about 2,5 to 3 pounds

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48
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Rings of muscles between the esophgus and the stomach.

Also called cardiac sphincter.

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49
Q

mastication

A

chewing.

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50
Q

molar teeth

A

the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.
răng cối

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51
Q

premolar teeth

A

the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars

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52
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth, The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.

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53
Q

pancreas

A

organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods).

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54
Q

papillae (singular: papilla)

pờ pi lì

A

small elecations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation.
gai vị giác

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55
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

TNB mang tai

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56
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

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57
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein.

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58
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

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59
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscle ar the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.
cơ vòng môn vòng.

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60
Q

pylorus

A

môn vị

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61
Q

rectum

A

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.

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62
Q

rugae

A

rugae on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

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63
Q

saliva

A

digestive juice produced by salivary glands.

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64
Q

sigmoid colon

A

fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

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65
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage

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66
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

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67
Q

triglycerides

A

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol

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68
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue haging from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means bunch of grapes.

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69
Q

villi (singular: villus)

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

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70
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

begins with the mouth, where food enters, and ends with the anus.

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71
Q

four functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

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72
Q

Ingestion

A

complex food material taken into the mouth is ingested.

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73
Q

digestion

A

food is digested, or broken down, mechanically and chemically,, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract. Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown (digestion) of complex nutrients. Complex proteins are digested to simpler amino acids; complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars, such as glucose ; and large fat or lipid molecules are broken down to simpler substances such as fatty acids and triglycerides

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74
Q

absorption

A

digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream. Nutrients thus travel to all cells of the body. Cells then break down nutrients in the presence of oxygen to release energy. Cells also use amino acid nutrients to build up large protein molecules needed for growth and development.. In addition, fat molecules are absorbed into lymphatic vessels from the intestine.

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75
Q

elimination

A

the large intestine concentrates these solid wastes, called feces, and the wastes finally pass out of the body through the anus.

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76
Q

cheeks

A

the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity.

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77
Q

hard palate

A

the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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78
Q

rugae

A

irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the soft membrane.

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79
Q

uvula

A

a small soft tissue projecction hangs from the soft palate. It aids production of sounds and speech.

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80
Q

tongue

A

extends across the floor around during mastication (chewing) and deglutition (swallowing)

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81
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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82
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

83
Q

papillae

A

small raised areas on the tongue, contain taste buds that are sentitive to the chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as food moves across the tongue.

84
Q

taste buds

A

nú vị giác

85
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic vessel tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes, lie on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth) . They are filters to protect the body from the invasion of microorganism and produce lymphocytes, disease-fighting white blood cells.

86
Q

gums

A

the fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

87
Q

central incisor

A

răng cửa

88
Q

lateral incisor

A

cửa bên

89
Q

canine

A

răng nanh

90
Q

first premolar

A

tiền cối

91
Q

second premolar

A

răng tiền cối thứ hai

92
Q

first molar

A

răng cối

93
Q

second molar

A

răng cối thứ 2

94
Q

third molar

A

wisdom teeth

95
Q

cheek

96
Q

lip

A

cheilo, labio

97
Q

hard palate

98
Q

soft palate

99
Q

uvulo

100
Q

tonsil

101
Q

adjacent

102
Q

labial

103
Q

labio

104
Q

buccal surface

A

cheek surface

105
Q

facio

106
Q

linguo

107
Q

occlusal surface

108
Q

crown

A

thân răng

109
Q

enamel

110
Q

dentin

A

ngà răng

111
Q

cementum

A

xương răng

112
Q

periodontal membrane

A

surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket

113
Q

pulp

A

tuỷ răng

114
Q

decay

A

sâu răng

115
Q

lubricate

A

bôi trơn

116
Q

parotid gland

A

TNB mang tai

117
Q

submandibular gland

A

TNB duới hàm

118
Q

sublingual gland

A

TNB dưới lưỡi

119
Q

gingiva

120
Q

root canal

A

blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are within the pulp canal

121
Q

epiglottis

A

nắp thanh môn

122
Q

progressive

A

tiến tới

123
Q

fundus

A

đáy vị

124
Q

body

A

thân vị

125
Q

antrum

126
Q

mucous membrane

A

mucosa

niêm mạc

127
Q

regurgitate

A

trào ngược

128
Q

rugae

A

folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach

the rugae contain digestive glands that produce the enzyme pepsin

129
Q

cecum

A

a pouch on the right side

manh tràng

130
Q

ileocecal valve

A

van hồi manh tràng

131
Q

hepatic flexure

A

ascending colon turns to left to become the transverse colon

132
Q

splenic flexure

A

the transverse colon passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward

133
Q

bile contains

A

cholesterol (a fatty substance), bile acids, and several bile pigments

134
Q

bilirubin

A

is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red vlood cell destruction. Bilirubin travels via the vloodstream to the liver, where it is conjugated or converted into a water-soluble form. Conjugated bilirubin is then added to bile and enters the brownish color. bilirubin and bile leave the body in feces.

135
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin,white of eyes, and mucous membranes.

136
Q

cystic duct

A

leads to the gallbladder

ống túi mật

137
Q

the gallbladder contracts forcing the bile out the cystic duct into the

A

common bile duct

138
Q

pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juices (enzymes) that are released into the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct just as it enters the duodennum

139
Q

emulsification

A

bile breaks apart large fat globules, create more ssurface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats. Without bile, most of the fat taken into body remains undigested.

140
Q

liver functions

A

+ maintaining normal blood glucose levels. The lover removes excess glucose from the bloodsteam and stores it as glycogen in liver cells. When the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low, the liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose
+ manufactoring blood proteins, particularly those necessary for blood clotting
+releasing bilirubin
+removing poison from the blood

141
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose when the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low

142
Q

glyconeogenesis

A

the liver can convert proteins and fets into glucose, when the body needs sugar, by a process

143
Q

portal vein

144
Q

pancreas

A

an exocrine and an endocrine organ. As an exocrine gland, it produces enzymes to digest starch, such as amylase (amyl/o = starch, -ase = enzyme), to digest fat, such as lipase and protein, such as protease. These pass into the duodeum through the pancreatic duct.

145
Q

endocrine gland

A

the pancreas secretes insulin. This hormone, needed to help release sugar from the blood, acts as a carrier to bring glucose into cells of the body to be used for energy.

146
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

oral cavity - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - decending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus
|

147
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.

148
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

149
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant). It literally means hanging (pend/o) on to (ap-, which is a form of ad-).

150
Q

emulsify

/i´mʌlsi¸fai/

A

break up

nhũ tương hóa

151
Q

bowel

152
Q

canine teeth

\ ˈkā-ˌnīn\

A

pointed, dog-like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

153
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine.

154
Q

colon

A

large intestine

155
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus

156
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

157
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

158
Q

dentin

A

the primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown

159
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

160
Q

an/o

161
Q

perianal

A

pt surrounding the anus

162
Q

appendo

163
Q

appendectomy

A

removal of the appendix

164
Q

apedico

165
Q

appendicitis

A

inflamation of the appendix

166
Q

bucco

167
Q

ceco

168
Q

buccal mucosa

A

a mucous membrane lining cavities that open to the outside of the body

169
Q

cecal

170
Q

celio

A

belly abdomen

171
Q

celiac

A

pt to abdomen

172
Q

cheil

/kailo/

173
Q

cheilosis

A

abnormal condition of the lip

174
Q

labio

175
Q

cholecysto

A

gallbladder

176
Q

cholecystectomy

A

removal of the cholecysto

177
Q

stages of appendicitis

A

(A) obstruction and bacterial infection cuase red, swollen, and inflamed appendix. (B) Pus and bacteria invade the wall of the appendix. (C) Pus perforates (ruptures through) the wall of the appendix into the abdomen, leading to peritoneum.

178
Q

choledocho

A

common bile duct

179
Q

colo

A

colon, large intestine

180
Q

colostomy

A

opening to form a mouth from the colon to outside of the body.

181
Q

colono

182
Q

colonic

183
Q

colonoscopy

A

nội soi trực tràng

184
Q

anastomoses

A

surgical connection between … and
e.g. gastrojejunostomy
thủ thuật nối

185
Q

denti

186
Q

dentibuccal

A

pt to the tooth and cheek

187
Q

duodeno

188
Q

duodenal

A

pt duodenum

189
Q

enterocolitis

A

inflammation of the small intestine and large intestine.

190
Q

enteroenterostomy

A

new opening between two previously unconneccted parts of the small intestine.

191
Q

anastomosis

A

which is any surgical connection between two parts, such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments

192
Q

esophago

193
Q

facio

194
Q

esophageal

A

pt to esophagus

195
Q

gastro

196
Q

gingiv/o

197
Q

glosso

198
Q

hepato

199
Q

ileo

200
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

201
Q

hypoglossal

A

under the tongue

202
Q

hepatoma

A

cancer of the liver

203
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

valve at the ileum and cecum

204
Q

choledochojejunostomy

A

opening to form a mouth from the common bile duct to the jejunum.

language of medicine (9 decks)

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