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Biology 30 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are all living things made up of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

Who discovered cells and how?

A

Robert Hooke examined thin slices of cork and found these substances were made of boxlike structures that he called cells

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3
Q

What are the three points of the cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are made of one or more cells
  2. All cells carry on life activities
  3. New cells only arise from other living cells
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4
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  1. Prokaryotic Cells- lack any internal membrane-bound structures (organelles)
    Make up the smallest single celled organisms, bacteria
  2. Eukaryotic Cells- are present in all living things and have organelles and a true nucleus
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5
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Surface area to volume ratio.
Everything the cell needs or has to get rid of goes through the membrane
The smaller the cell, the easier it is to defend
The higher the surface area to volume ratio the better because there’s more surface area for the organelles inside to get materials in and out quickly where as with more volume and less surface area it’s harder for organelles to get materials out quick

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6
Q

Which is larger prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic Cells are about 10 times larger then prokaryotic

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

Lies on the outside of the membrane in most bacteria, microrganisms, and all plants.
The cell wall gives the cell its shape and provides protection for the cell

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8
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Separates the cell from its surrounding environment

It controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

A round, membrane-bound structure that serves as the control centre for cell metabolism and reproduction
If it is removed, the cell dies
Largest organelle
Stores chromosomes and transports genes and regulatory factors via nuclear pores

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10
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Selectively permeable

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11
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Pores caused when the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse at certain points
These pores control the passage of certain substances into and out of the nucleus

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

One or more dense, granular bodies within the nucleus that disappear at the beginning of cell division and re appear at the end
Made up of DNA, RNA, and protein
Sites of production of ribosomes

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14
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A system a fluid filled canals, or channels, enclosed by membranes.
These canals serve as paths for the transport of materials through the cell

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15
Q

What’s the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough- outer surface is lined with tiny particles called ribosomes
Smooth- no ribosomes on the outer surface

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small particles which are sights of protein synthesis in the cell, they are found lining the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm

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17
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Stacks of flattened membrane sacs that serve as processing, packaging, and storage centres for the reduces released from the cell.
Modified proteins and lipids that have been built in the endoplasmic reticulum

18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small, saclike structures surrounded by a single membrane and containing strong digestive, or hydrolytic, enzymes
Produced by Golgi bodies
Are involved in digestion of food within the cell

19
Q

Centrioles

A

Found near the nucleus in animal cells and is a pair of vertical cylinders that lie at right angles to eachother
Is involved in cell division in animal cells

20
Q

Cilia/flagella

A

Hairlike organelles with capacity for movement
They extend from the surface of many different types of cells
Involved in the movement of cells and serve to move substances over the surface of cells

21
Q

Microtubules

A

Long, hollow, cylindrical strictures found in the cytoplasm and serve as a skeleton for the cell, giving it shape.

22
Q

Chromatin

A

Much of the nucleoplasm consists of this
is DNA bound to various proteins
Makes up chromosomes in long, thin, threads

23
Q

Chloroplast

A

Type of chromoplast that contains green pigment chlorophyll

Is the site of photosynthesis (food making process)

24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Round or slipper shaped oragnelles that release the energy in food molecules for use by the cell
Surrounded by a double membrane
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria (site of ATP, building cellular energy)
Contains its own DNA

25
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The condition in which one organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both

26
Q

What can slip by the cell membrane without the use of energy?

A

Small molecules and lipid molecules like alcohol, water, glucose, amino acids, oxygen, etc

27
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Molecules of gas and liquid are in constant motion and as a result of this motion molecules tend to move from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated one
Uses no energy

28
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference is concentration between a region of high concentration and low concentration

29
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

This is reached when once even distribution occurs

Particles are still in motion there is just no net movement

30
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Is diffusion (high concentration to low concentration) with the aid of specialized transport proteins (embedded proteins in cell wall)

38
Q

What is secretion?

A

Process in which materials made by the cell are released outside the cell

39
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

40
Q

Difference between hypertonic and hypotonic? Example?

A

Hypertonic- contains a high concentration of solute relative to another solution so water leaves the object causing it to dry up
Ex: fish is salt water shrink and dries up
Hypotonic- contains a low concentration of solute relative to another solution so water will be sucked into object
Ex: fish in fresh water gets bigger and bigger as it fill with water

41
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Contains the same amount of concentration of a solute as another solution

42
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
Moves from low concentration to high concentration
Energy is required in the form of ATP

43
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle

44
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Is the reverse of endocytosis when materials move out of the cell

45
Q

What are unicellular organisms?

A

They are able to carry on all life processes

They synthesize and obtain nutrients and break them down for energy

46
Q

What is a colonial organism?

A

An organism of a few to many cells that are loosely attached to each other and show little specialization amongst themselves

Biology 30 (11 decks)

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