Chapter 5

Question 1

What are all living things made up of?

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

Who discovered cells and how?

Answer 2

Robert Hooke examined thin slices of cork and found these substances were made of boxlike structures that he called cells

Question 3

What are the three points of the cell theory?

Answer 3

1. All organisms are made of one or more cells
2. All cells carry on life activities
3. New cells only arise from other living cells

Question 4

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 4

1. Prokaryotic Cells- lack any internal membrane-bound structures (organelles)
   Make up the smallest single celled organisms, bacteria
2. Eukaryotic Cells- are present in all living things and have organelles and a true nucleus

Question 5

Why are cells so small?

Answer 5

Surface area to volume ratio.
Everything the cell needs or has to get rid of goes through the membrane
The smaller the cell, the easier it is to defend
The higher the surface area to volume ratio the better because there’s more surface area for the organelles inside to get materials in and out quickly where as with more volume and less surface area it’s harder for organelles to get materials out quick

Question 6

Which is larger prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic?

Answer 6

Eukaryotic Cells are about 10 times larger then prokaryotic

Question 7

Cell wall

Answer 7

Lies on the outside of the membrane in most bacteria, microrganisms, and all plants.
The cell wall gives the cell its shape and provides protection for the cell

Question 8

Cell Membrane

Answer 8

Separates the cell from its surrounding environment

It controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

A round, membrane-bound structure that serves as the control centre for cell metabolism and reproduction
If it is removed, the cell dies
Largest organelle
Stores chromosomes and transports genes and regulatory factors via nuclear pores

Question 10

Nuclear envelope

Answer 10

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Selectively permeable

Question 11

Nuclear pores

Answer 11

Pores caused when the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse at certain points
These pores control the passage of certain substances into and out of the nucleus

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

One or more dense, granular bodies within the nucleus that disappear at the beginning of cell division and re appear at the end
Made up of DNA, RNA, and protein
Sites of production of ribosomes

Question 14

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

A system a fluid filled canals, or channels, enclosed by membranes.
These canals serve as paths for the transport of materials through the cell

Question 15

What’s the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 15

Rough- outer surface is lined with tiny particles called ribosomes
Smooth- no ribosomes on the outer surface

Question 16

Ribosomes

Answer 16

Small particles which are sights of protein synthesis in the cell, they are found lining the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm

Question 17

Golgi Bodies

Answer 17

Stacks of flattened membrane sacs that serve as processing, packaging, and storage centres for the reduces released from the cell.
Modified proteins and lipids that have been built in the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

Lysosomes

Answer 18

Small, saclike structures surrounded by a single membrane and containing strong digestive, or hydrolytic, enzymes
Produced by Golgi bodies
Are involved in digestion of food within the cell

Question 19

Centrioles

Answer 19

Found near the nucleus in animal cells and is a pair of vertical cylinders that lie at right angles to eachother
Is involved in cell division in animal cells

Question 20

Cilia/flagella

Answer 20

Hairlike organelles with capacity for movement
They extend from the surface of many different types of cells
Involved in the movement of cells and serve to move substances over the surface of cells

Question 21

Microtubules

Answer 21

Long, hollow, cylindrical strictures found in the cytoplasm and serve as a skeleton for the cell, giving it shape.

Question 22

Chromatin

Answer 22

Much of the nucleoplasm consists of this
is DNA bound to various proteins
Makes up chromosomes in long, thin, threads

Question 23

Chloroplast

Answer 23

Type of chromoplast that contains green pigment chlorophyll

Is the site of photosynthesis (food making process)

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

Round or slipper shaped oragnelles that release the energy in food molecules for use by the cell
Surrounded by a double membrane
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria (site of ATP, building cellular energy)
Contains its own DNA

Question 25

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 25

The condition in which one organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both

Question 26

What can slip by the cell membrane without the use of energy?

Answer 26

Small molecules and lipid molecules like alcohol, water, glucose, amino acids, oxygen, etc

Question 27

What is diffusion?

Answer 27

Molecules of gas and liquid are in constant motion and as a result of this motion molecules tend to move from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated one Uses no energy

Question 28

What is the concentration gradient?

Answer 28

The difference is concentration between a region of high concentration and low concentration

Question 29

What is equilibrium?

Answer 29

This is reached when once even distribution occurs | Particles are still in motion there is just no net movement

Question 30

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 30

Is diffusion (high concentration to low concentration) with the aid of specialized transport proteins (embedded proteins in cell wall)

Question 38

What is secretion?

Answer 38

Process in which materials made by the cell are released outside the cell

Question 39

What is osmosis?

Answer 39

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

Question 40

Difference between hypertonic and hypotonic? Example?

Answer 40

Hypertonic- contains a high concentration of solute relative to another solution so water leaves the object causing it to dry up Ex: fish is salt water shrink and dries up Hypotonic- contains a low concentration of solute relative to another solution so water will be sucked into object Ex: fish in fresh water gets bigger and bigger as it fill with water

Question 41

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 41

Contains the same amount of concentration of a solute as another solution

Question 42

What is active transport?

Answer 42

The movement of materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient Moves from low concentration to high concentration Energy is required in the form of ATP

Question 43

What is endocytosis?

Answer 43

Is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle

Question 44

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 44

Is the reverse of endocytosis when materials move out of the cell

Question 45

What are unicellular organisms?

Answer 45

They are able to carry on all life processes | They synthesize and obtain nutrients and break them down for energy

Question 46

What is a colonial organism?

Answer 46

An organism of a few to many cells that are loosely attached to each other and show little specialization amongst themselves