5 mark questions Flashcards
Draw the general shape and bonds of an amino acid. (#1)
On paper #1
Distinguish between the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Diffusion- Molecules of gas and liquid are in constant motion and as a result of this motion molecules tend to move from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated one
Uses no energy
Osmosis- The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. Uses no energy
Active transport- The movement of materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
Moves from low concentration to high concentration
Energy is required in the form of ATP
Explain the terms hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic.
Hypertonic- contains a high concentration of solute relative to another solution so water leaves the object causing it to dry up
Ex: fish is salt water shrink and dries up
Hypotonic- contains a low concentration of solute relative to another solution so water will be sucked into object
Ex: fish in fresh water gets bigger and bigger as it fill with water
Isotonic- the concentration of the water and the individual are the same so the water moving in is the same as the water moving out
Explain why cells are so small.
Surface area to volume ratio.
Everything the cell needs or has to get rid of goes through the membrane
The smaller the cell, the easier it is to defend
The higher the surface area to volume ratio the better because there’s more surface area for the organelles inside to get materials in and out quickly where as with more volume and less surface area it’s harder for organelles to get materials out quick
How can you determine from a cell structure whether something is an animal or a plant?
Plants have chloroplast to transform suns light into energy
Plants have a cell wall while animals don’t
Plant cells have vacuoles to fill space while animals do not
Draw and explain the steps of mitosis. (#6)
On paper #6
Explain the three methods of artificial vegetative reproduction.
Cutting- small part of plant is removed by making a cut
Layering- a branch of a plant is put in the ground and new roots develop
Grafting- cut stems of two plants and join them together to grow a single plant
List the steps to solving most genetic problems.
Name the traits and how many there are
Assign a letter for each trait
Determine which is dominant and which is recessive
Determine the genotypes of the parents
Determine the gametes the parents can form and cross them
Calculate the genotype/phenotype ratios
Explain how to solve a genetics problem using a Punnett square
First you take the genotypes of the parents and put them on the edge of a four square box (one going vertical, one horizontal) then combine each one into the four boxes and create and genotype phenotype ratio
Draw a chart explaining how ABO blood grouping is important for transfusions
(Chart #10)
The ABO chart outlines which blood types can receive certain blood types and donate certain blood types effectively without hurting the host.
Chart on page. #10
Compare and contrast meiosis in the human male and female
Meiosis in males starts after puberty and continues till death. In females, first stage of meiosis happens before birth then the second stage happens at puberty, then ends at 55ish (menopause).
Males is called spermatogenesis and females is called oogenesis
Male meiosis results in four Sperm cells while females result in an egg and three polar bodies
Create a chart and describe the major divisions of the animal-like protists and identifying characteristics
Sarcodina- They move and engulf food by extending pseudopods
Continually change shape
Ciliophora- They use cilia to move and feed
Propels food into oral groove by moving at it
Zoomastina- Move by means of flagella (whipping it)
Most are unicellular
Sporozoa- Nonmotile
Mostly parasitic
Have complex life cycles
Cause diseases
With the use of a diagram briefly explain the 3 stages of cellular respiration.
(Diagram #13)
Diagram on paper. #13
- Glycolysis- glucose to pyruvic acid
- Kreb’s Cycle- pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and ends with NADH to carry electrons to electron transport chain
- Electron Transport Chain- movement of electrons results in 32 ATP per glucose
Describe the function of the nucleus.
The nucleus has two major functions:
It stores the cells hereditary material (DNA)
It coordinates the cells activities which include growth, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division)
Describe the unique cell types and their function in the phylum Porifera
Collar cell- have a collar of cytoplasm that extends from the cell into the central cavity. A flagellum extends out each of these.
Amebocytes- deliver nutrients and can transform into other cell types, they often wrap around the spicules
Pore cell- suck water in the sponge to catch food
Epidermal cells- help deliver nutrients and form spicules
