Chapter 28

Question 1

What does evolution mean?

Answer 1

A gradual change over time

Question 2

What’s the difference between geologic and organic evolution?

Answer 2

Geologic is like the earth changing over time

Organic is like the species on earth changing over time

Question 3

What is a fossil?

Answer 3

Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes

Question 4

What usually decays soft tissue of animals?

Answer 4

Bacteria and fungi

Question 5

What are the core principles of evolution?

Answer 5

• all life is linked through common ancestor
• populations change with time
• environment influences this change
• advantageous traits are selected over less advantageous

Question 6

What’s significant about Jean Baptiste Lamarck?

Answer 6

He viewed evolution as a process of increasing complexity and perfection all by chance
Created the law of use and disuse

Question 7

What was significant about Thomas Malthus?

Answer 7

He saw:

• The overpopulation of young
• the liability of resources to keep up with the rising human population

Question 8

What’s significant about George’s Cartier?

Answer 8

Opposed evolution and had successive creations following catastrophic extinctions

Question 9

What is significant about Charles Lyell?

Answer 9

Found geological evidence the earth is old

300 million years

Question 10

What are the six points of Darwins theory?

Answer 10

1. Overproduction
2. Competition for food and space
3. Differences within a population
4. Variances (differences) lead to adaptation
5. Natural selection
6. Speciation

Question 11

What is natural selection?

Answer 11

The environment picking which organisms will survive

Question 12

What evidence do fossils give for evolution?

Answer 12

Rock strata and fossils contained are dated based on radioactive decay
Fossils of simpler organisms are found in olde rocks. Newer strata contain more complex organisms

Question 13

What evidence does comparative morphology give for evolution?

Answer 13

Common organization of forelimb points to species common evolution origin

Question 14

What evidence does embryology give for evolution?

Answer 14

Early embryo development in all animals goes through similar stages
All start out with tailbone and same body structure
These are called homologous structures

Question 15

What are the three important same embryo features with animals with a backbone?

Answer 15

1. Notochord, pharyngeal gill slits
2. Post anal tail (tailbone)
3. Arm buds (flippers)

Question 16

What is the hardy- Weinberg principle?

Answer 16

States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain the same from generation to generation in he absence of other revolutionary forces

Basically allele and genotype frequencies will stay the same over generations in a population of that population isn’t affected by any big forces

Question 17

What is the Equation for Hardy- Weinberg principle?

Answer 17

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

P^2= frequency of AA homozygous dominant
p= frequency of A
q= frequency of a
2pq= frequency of Aa
q^2= frequency of aa

Question 18

How do you solve for the frequency of dominant alleles if you only have the frequency for the recessive? And vice versa?

Answer 18

p=1-q

q=1-p

Question 19

What kind of rock are most fossils found in?

Answer 19

Sedimentary

Question 20

Whats the difference between relative and absolute dating?

Answer 20

Relative is like looking at the side of a rock and guessing while absolute is using radioactive dating and other more accurate techniques

Question 21

What is the nutall test?

Answer 21

Yes that determined the degree of evolutionary relationship between different types of organisms
Puts blood of 1 animal into another to see antigen antibody reaction

Question 22

What is the heterotroph hypothesis?

Answer 22

Hypothesis that primitive earth was dark and hot and had different gasses