Chapter 4

Question 1

Is water inorganic or organic compound?

Answer 1

Inorganic

Question 2

What is cohesion?

Answer 2

The force of attraction between molecules of the same substance

Question 3

What is adhesion?

Answer 3

The attraction of molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance

Question 4

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 4

A molecule with regions of partial negative and partial positive charges

Question 5

Why can water dissolve most polar substances but not non polar substances?

Answer 5

Water dissolves polar substances because the adhesion between the water molecules and the polar substances molecules is greater then the cohension amongst the solute molecules

Question 6

What is capillary action or capillarity?

Answer 6

It is when the adhesion between two molecules is very strong. Like glass and water for example: the water runs up the two pillars of glass, this action is the capillary action

Question 7

What are the four types of organic compounds?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 8

What are carbohydrates? And the three types?

Answer 8

Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The chemical names always end in -ose
These sugars are important because they contain large amounts of energy

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 9

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 9

The bonding of two sugar molecules (monosaccharides) by removing water (take an O and HO from the molecules) the remaining O connects the two molecules
Results in a disaccharide or double sugar

Question 10

What are polymers? Examples?

Answer 10

Large molecules consisting of chains of repeating units

Ex: lipids, complex sugars (starches), proteins, DNA strand

Question 11

What are monomers? Examples?

Answer 11

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Ex: nucleic acid bases, amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids (glycerol)

Question 12

How do organisms store excess sugar? What is the name of the formed sugar of plants? Of humans?

Answer 12

Organisms store excess sugar in the form of polysaccharides
Plants use starch
Humans use glycogen in the liver when it can’t produce enough insulin to deal with sugar

Question 13

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 13

Breaking down of disaccharides and polysaccharides by adding a water molecule to react with a chain of sugar molecules to produce two simpler sugars
Reverse of dehydration synthesis

Question 14

What are lipids?

Answer 14

Lipids are fats, oils, and waxes that are made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen like carbohydrates
Lipids are a part of cell structure and serve as a reserve energy supply in an organism

Question 15

Which produces more energy: lipids or carbohydrates?

Answer 15

Lipids produce twice as much energy as the same amount of carbs

Question 16

How are fats and oils formed?

Answer 16

When fatty acids combine with glycerol through dehydration synthesis

Question 17

3 major functions of lipids?

Answer 17

1. Structural components of biological membranes
2. Energy reserves
3. Vitamins and hormones

Question 18

What is a carboxyl group?

Answer 18

COOH

Has a C that has a double bond to a O then a single bond to an OH

Question 19

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Answer 19

Saturated fats- have all single bond carbons (straight line from glycerol head)
Solid at room temperature
Bad fats
Unsaturated- have atleast one double bond carbon (causes 120 degree bend in line from glycerol head)
Liquid at room temp

Question 20

What is trans fat?

Answer 20

It is a carcinogen (mutates DNA) that is very bad for you

It occurs when you hydrogenated too much like boiling fries in oil

Question 21

How do you make unsaturated fats saturated?

Answer 21

By adding hydrogen to them (it irons out the kinks made by double bonds) through a process called hydrogenation

Question 22

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 22

Compounds that contain phosphorus and nitrogen in addition to carbon hydrogen and oxygen
The two types are DNA and RNA

Question 23

What is DNA?

Answer 23

A polymer made up of smaller monomers called nucleotides

Nitrogenous bases bond to eachother (A-T and C-G)

Question 24

What is RNA?

Answer 24

Similar in chemical composition to DNA but only had one chain or strand on bases

Question 25

What are proteins?

Answer 25

Compounds that contain nitrogen as well as carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Number of proteins is virtually unlimited
Are in all living things
Starts with methionine and all other just fill in like lego bricks after till the stop
Is when two or more amino acids are bonded together (polypeptide)

Question 26

What are the structural components of proteins and what do they do?

Answer 26

Amino acids are a simple structure in which a central carbon is connected to a H up top, NH2 the the left, COOH (carboxyl group) the the right, and a resultant on the bottom (there can be 20

Question 27

What are enzymes?

Answer 27

Are protein substances that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that take place in the cell
Usually ends in -ase for substance (Maltase, protease)
- they undergo a reaction temporarily then are used again and again

Question 28

What is the substance an enzymes acts upon?

Answer 28

A substrate