10 Mark Questions Flashcards
Outline the steps for cellular respiration. A diagram will help.
Glycolysis
Requires 2 ATP to start, converts six carbon sugar (glucose) into two 3 carbon ones (pyruvic acid), 4 ATP is generated in the end which isn’t a lot but is quick and no oxygen required
Kreb’s Cycle
Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria, coenzyme A combined with acid to produce Acetyl CoA, this then goes through a cycle that breaks it down to produce NADH which produces 2ATP
Electron Transport Chain
NADH drops off electrons onto a series of molecules in the mitochondria inner membrane, movement of electrons powers movement of H+ ions which turns ADP into ATP 32 ATP created per glucose
Draw the cell membrane and label its parts (#3). Explain how materials are able to pass through
The cell membrane is semi permeable that acts like a liquid so some materials like O2 and H2O can cross right through but for the ones that can’t a protein will embed itself into the cell membrane that allows sugar to pass with the help of insulin
Draw and explain the steps of meiosis. (Diagram #4)
Interphase- DNA replicates
Prophase I- crossing over occurs, homologous chromosomes pair synapsis
Metaphase I- centromeres of each tetras line up at equator
Anaphase I- each tetrad is pulled apart, each pair of chromosomes is pulled apart
Telophase I- cytoplasm divides, short interphase stage
Prophase II- daughter cells form spindles, nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase II- centromeres are aligned along the equator
Anaphase II- centromeres divide, chromatids separate forming single chromosomes
Telophase II- both daughter cells divide forming four haploid cells, nuclear membrane forms again
Explain the sources, kinds, and causes of mutations
Mutation is the permanent alteration in DNA base sequence
2 types:
Point mutation- change in chemical form of base, or incorrect base pairs
Chromosomal mutation- cancer, begin as a mutation that is passed along at replication in somatic cells
Causes: DNA fails to copy accurately
Chemicals or radiation cause DNA to break down
What evidence is there for the theory of evolution?
Fossils
Rock strata and fossils contained are dated based on radioactive decay
Fossils of simpler organisms are found in olde rocks. Newer strata contain more complex organism
Comparative Morphology
Common organization of forelimb points to species common evolution origin
Morphology
Early embryo development in all animals goes through similar stages
All start out with tailbone and same body structure
Explain the principles of natural selection.
States that the environment will pick which organisms survive
Variation- individuals in a population that differ from one another
Heritability- variations inherited from parents
Overpopulation- when they produce more offsprings than can survive
Reproductive advantage- when certain organisms have more offspring than another
List the six main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
- Overproduction
- Competition for food and space
- Differences within a population
- Variances (differences) lead to adaptation- those individuals that have favourable adaptations will have a greater chance of surviving
- Natural selection- the environment will pick those organisms that will survive
- Speciation
A mother strand of DNA is CCTCAAGATGCGTTC. List the homologous DNA strand, the mRNA stand, and the amino acids that would be coded. Explain briefly the steps of protein synthesis (building blue print)
Do we use tRNA or mRNA for the amino coding chart?
Homo Strand- GGAGTTCTACGCAAG mRNA- GGAGUUCUACGCAAG tRNA- CCUCAAGAUGCGUUC (Amino) Protein synthesis starts by the splitting of a DNA strand then filled by a complementary strand, then the mRNA is a copy of the DNA like a blue print and the tRNA transfers it to the Ribosome to make amino acids
USE mRNA!!
Create a chart and describe the major divisions of the plant-like protists and identifying characteristics.
Euglenophyta-When grown in dark; the euglenas chloroplasts disappear and it becomes heterotrophic
Chloroplasts reappear upon exposure to light
Move by flagella
Chrysophyta-Are Diatoms have glasslike, ornate shells in two halves
Dinoflagellata-Cell walls composed of armorlike plates; some forms are bioluminescent; colourful blooms form red tides (not red algae)
Chlorophyta-Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms
Green algae
Two flagella
Phaeophyta-Include common seaweeds
Brown algae, like cold water
Rhodophyta-Many form hard crust of calcium carbonate
Also includes many common seaweeds
Red algae
Like warm water
Distinguish the several ways that the fungi reproduce.
Asexual
Fragmentation- cloning by which an organism is split into fragments
Budding- new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud
Producing spores- haploid or unicellular spores generated by meiosis
Sexually
Homothallic mycelia- having female and male sexual structures on one individual to fertilize
Heterothallic mycelia- sex structures reside in different individuals
Explain how the following life processes are carried out in sponges: nutrition, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
Nutrition- water is taken in through the pore cell with dissolved oxygen and food particles. The inner layer contains collar cells that have a cytoplasm and flagella that extends out to catch food particles
Excretion- wastes diffuse out of the cells into the central cavity of the sponge and leave through the osculum
Respiration- gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged by diffusion between the cells and water
Reproduction- can reproduce asexually or sexually, for sexual the collar cells turn into gametes, male sperm leave sponge through osculum and finds eggs in another sponge in a jelly like middle layer
Explain how the following life processes are carried out in coelenterates: nutrition, excretion, respiration, reproduction
Nutrition- capture food with cnidoblasts to paralyze it then the tentacles stuff it in the mouth
Excretion- both extracellular and intracellular, when food is partially digested it is engulfed by endoderm cells where digestion is completed
No excretory system wastes excreted by diffusion
Respiration- no respiratory system- oxygen is obtained by diffusion
Reproduction- medusa stage reproduces sexually with eggs and sperm, zygote is formed and lands on floor and forms polyp then polyp reproduces asexually by budding and changes to medusa stage
