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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

For main components of the skeletal system

A
  1. Bones
  2. Ligaments and tendons
  3. Cartilage
  4. Joints
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2
Q

Difference between ligaments and tendons

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone, and tendons connect muscle to bone

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3
Q

3 types of connective tissue for structure in the skeletal system

A

Osseous, cartilage, dense fibrous

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4
Q

Five functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Protection
  2. Structure and support
  3. Movement
  4. Hematopoiesis: blood production
  5. Storage: fat, calcium, phosphorus
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5
Q

Classification of bones

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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6
Q

Two divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

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7
Q

Parts of the axial division

A

Skull, ribs, spine

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8
Q

Parts of the appendicular division

A

Arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdles

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9
Q

Total number of bones in the body

A

206

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10
Q

Total number of facial bones

A

14

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11
Q

Total number of cranial bones

A

8

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12
Q

Total number of bones in the arms, wrists, and hands

A

60

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13
Q

Total number of bones in the legs, ankles, and feet

A

60

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14
Q

Total number of bones in the neck, spine, and torso

A

64

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15
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft; long part of the bone

Contains yellow marrow that stores adipose tissue

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

Rounded ends of the long bone

Contains red bone marrow

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17
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

A plate of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to grow in length

In between epiphysis and diaphysis

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18
Q

Endosteum

A

Dense fibrous membrane inside the disphysis

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane of the dense fibrous connective tissue along outside of bone

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20
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Outside of epiphysis

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21
Q

Spongy bone

A

Red marrow, inside epiphysis

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22
Q

Compact bone

A

Diaphysis, endosteum and yellow marrow cavity

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23
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Secrete the bone matrix, build bone

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24
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells:
Found in bone matrix, within lacunae
Maintain bone matrix
Form from osteoblasts that trap themselves in bone matrix

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25
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone
Chomp bone
Multinucleated, phagocytic cells

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26
Q

Organelles in osteoblasts

A

Ribosomes, rough ER, golgi

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27
Q

Organelles in osteoclasts

A

Lysosomes

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28
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Forms most bones in the body

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29
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Forms flat bones and the outside of all bones

30
Q

Endochondral ossification: long bone growth

A

Occurs at the epiphyseal plates, inside the diaphysis

Spongy bone
Grows in length

31
Q

Appositional growth: width

A

Occurs alongside the outside of the diaphysis

Compact bone
Grows in width

32
Q

PTH stimulates _ to break down bone

A

Osteoclasts

33
Q

After a period of around 3 weeks, _ activates _ to build bone

A

PTH, osteoblasts

34
Q

Osteoblasts trap themselves in the bone matrix resulting in the formation of

A

Osteons

35
Q

PTH

A

Secreted when blood calcium is too low; stimulates osteoclasts to chomp bone and later stimulates osteoblasts to build bone.

36
Q

Why does bone remodeling continue to occur in an adult?

A

We continue to break down and build bone on a cyclic basis after the end of puberty

37
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted when blood calcium is too high; results in bone formation by inhibiting osteoclasts

38
Q

Growth hormone

A

Secreted by pituitary gland; stimulates osteoblasts

39
Q

Estrogens and androgens

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

40
Q

Vitamin A

A

Stimulates osteoblasts to build bone

41
Q

Vitamin C

A

Needed by the osteoblasts for collagen production

42
Q

Vitamin D

A

Needed by the body for calcium absorption

43
Q

Why are babies born with fontanels?

A
  1. Allow the skull to change shape and deform so it can fit through the birth canal
  2. Allow the infants brain to continue to grow
44
Q

When do most fontanels fuse?

A

24 months

45
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Unfused fibrous membranes between skull bones in the fetus

46
Q

2 most important things to prevent changes to the skeleton

A
  1. Diet

2. Exercise

47
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Post-menopausal women lose the ability to produce estrogen, resulting in fragile bones

48
Q

Major risk factors of osteoporosis

A

Post-menopausal, family history, small-framed Caucasian and Asian women

Poor nutrition, lack of exercise, smoking

49
Q

Results of osteoporosis:

A

Fragile bones when bone failed to be replaced

Loss of height as vertebrae collapse

50
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis

A
  1. Swelling and joint pain
  2. Increased risk of fracture
  3. Curving of the spine
51
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis

A
  1. Quit smoking
  2. Exercise
  3. Estrogen
  4. Biphosphates
52
Q

Why are women more susceptible to developing osteoporosis than men?

A

Women stop producing estrogen around age 50 whereas men continue to produce testosterone until age 80.

53
Q

Acute infectious arthritis

A

Can affect any age

Sudden onset and temporary

54
Q

Cause if acute arthritis

A

Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

55
Q

Result of acute arthritis

A

Joint membrane thickens and fluid production increases

56
Q

Symptoms and treatment of acute arthritis

A

Joint pain, swelling, and fever

Antibiotics

57
Q

Gout arthritis

A

Chronic

Mostly affects males over 30

58
Q

Cause of gout arthritis

A

Too much uric acid in the blood

59
Q

Result of gout arthritis

A

Uric acid is deposited in joint cavities

60
Q

Symptoms and treatment of gout

A

Burning pain, stiffness and swelling

Ibuprofen, and other anti-inflammatory drugs

Overweight, too much alcohol, diets high in meat and fish

61
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common form of arthritisk

Affects all aging adults

62
Q

Cause of osteoarthritis

A

Articular cartilage weakens and breaks down with age

63
Q

Result of osteoarthritis

A

Exposed bone thickens and bone spurs form restricting joint movement

64
Q

Symptoms and treatment for osteoarthritis

A

Joint pain and swelling

Aspirin, exercise

65
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic, autoimmune disease

Trigger is unknown; possibly viral or bacterial

Usually between 40-50
Sometimes in children and teens

66
Q

Symptoms of RA

A

Muscle and joint stiffness, red, swollen, fatigue

Flare ups: attack joints symmetrically

67
Q

Pathology

A

Begins with inflammation of the joint membrane

68
Q

RA commonly effects

A

Fingers, wrists, ankles, feet

69
Q

Treatment and damage of RA

A

Strong drugs

Damage is permanent

70
Q

Herniated disks

A

The fibrocartilage between the vertebrae is pushed out of its normal position

71
Q

Torn meniscus

A

Tear that forms in a C-shaped disc that cushions the knee

72
Q

Bursitis

A

An inflammation of the bursa (fluid filled sac) that results in swelling and fluid retention

Anatomy (12 decks)

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