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Anatomy > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The membranes of the gastrointestinal tract (GI)

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, periotoneum

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2
Q

Mucosa and tissues

A

Innermost layer that lines the lumen cavity. Esophagus - stratified squamous and stomach, small and large intestine - simple columnar

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3
Q

Submucosa tissue

A

Connective

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4
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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5
Q

Periotoneum

A

Protective serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs. Visceral and parietal tissues

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6
Q

Steps of digestion:

A 
Oral cavity
Trip to stomach
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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7
Q

Structures of the oral cavity

A 
Teeth
Tonsils
Uvula
Tongue
Salivary glands
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8
Q

Teeth

A

Chew the food

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9
Q

Tonsils

A

Trap and filter bacteria

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10
Q

Uvula

A

Keeps food from going up the nose

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11
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

Taste buds, mixes food with saliva to form a bolus, initiates swallowing

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12
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secretes saliva to begin digestion. Different types : submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands

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13
Q

Composition of saliva

A

Water, mucus, antibody, enzymes

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14
Q

Lysozyme

A

Destroys bacteria / pathogens

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15
Q

Amylose

A

Breaks down starches

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16
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down the fats

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17
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for the food into the esophagus; no digestion

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18
Q

Epiglottis

A

The lid to the larynx. Blocks the opening to the trachea during swallowing

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19
Q

Esophagus

A

Passageway to stomach; no digestion

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20
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Prevents air from entering the esophagus during respiration

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21
Q

Cardioesophageal sphincter

A

Prevents backflow of stomach acid from entering the esophagus

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22
Q

How does the pharynx and esophagus send food down to the stomach?

A

Peristalic muscle contractions

Muscle tissue : smooth muscle
Control of peristalsis : medulla oblongata

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23
Q

Peristalsis

A

Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract

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24
Q

Four parts of the stomach

A

Cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus

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25
Q

Cardiac

A

Region nearest the heart

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26
Q

Fundus

A

Expanded portion that bulges upward toward the thoracic cavity

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27
Q

Body

A

Central part of the stomach

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28
Q

Pylorus

A

Narrow section that joins to the small intestine

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29
Q

Sphincters of the stomach

A

Cardioesophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter

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30
Q

Cardioesophageal sphincter

A

Allows food to enter into the stomach from the esophagus

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31
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Allows food to enter into the small intestine from the stomach

32
Q

Rugae

A

Large folds that line the interior of the stomach and expand during a meal and collapse when the stomach empties

33
Q

Gastric gland pits

A

Depressions located along the surface of the stomach that secrete substances to aid in digestion

34
Q

Mucus neck cells

A

Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining

35
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete an inactive digestive enzyme called pesinogen

36
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secretes HCL, pH2, and an intrinsic factor which allows for vitamin B12 absorption

37
Q

Importance of hydrochloric acid (HCL)

A

Kills pathogens
Inactivates naturally occurring enzymes in food, breaks down plant cells walls and the connective tissue in meat, and converts pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin

38
Q

Pepsin

A

Breaks down protein

39
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Provides temporary storage for food, mechanical digestion by breaking down food, chemically digests proteins, and formation of chyme

40
Q

Chyme

A

Semisolid mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice

41
Q

3 sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

42
Q

Duodenum (12 fingers)

A

First section of small intestine where the majority of digestion occurs

43
Q

Jejunum (empty)

A

Devoted to nutrient absorption

44
Q

Ileum

A

Nutrient absorption and colon preparation

45
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

Food digestion (most happens here), nutrient absorption, and prevention of infection

46
Q

Structural modifications of small intestine

A

Plicae, villi, microvilli, and Peyers patches

47
Q

Plicae

A

Permanent deep folds of both the mucosa and the submucosa membranes; are the largest intestinal folds. Function is to increase surface area

48
Q

Villi

A

Small finger-like projections along the pilcae that result from the folding of the mucosa membrane

49
Q

Inside each villus is an immune system structure called a

A

Lacteal

50
Q

Lacteal structure

A

Comprised of a lymphatic vessel surrounded by a capillary bed

51
Q

Function of the villi

A

Increase surface area and absorb fat and remove pathogens

52
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections of the plasma membrane on each cell of the villus

53
Q

Functions of the microvilli

A

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption and secrete digestive enzymes

54
Q

Peyers patches

A

Regions of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucosa or the submucosa layer of the intestinal tract

55
Q

Peyers patches are similar in structure and function to

A

Lymph nodes

56
Q

Function of Peyers patches

A

To destroy bacteria that accumulates in the intestinal tract

57
Q

Additional organs involved in small intestine digestion

A

Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, duodenum

58
Q

Main region of the small intestine involved in digestion

A

Duodenum

59
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes from a duct into the duodenum of the small intestine

60
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

A biocarbonate solution which neutralizes the HCL stomach acid and amylase, professes, lipases, and nucleases

61
Q

Amylase

A

Starch digestion

62
Q

Proteases

A

Protein digestion

63
Q

Lipases

A

Fat digestion (lipids)

64
Q

Nucleases

A

Nucleic acids

65
Q

Liver and gall bladder

A

Secrete bile

66
Q

Functions of bile

A

Emulsifies fats, breaks down fats into smaller droplets to increase surface area for lipase to work

67
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

The valve that controls the entrance of the undigested food into the cecum of the large intestine

68
Q

Cecum

A

Trash compactor, functions to compact the undigested material

69
Q

Appendix

A

A finger-like projection of the cecum that contains lymphatic tissue. Function is to remove pathogens

70
Q

Colon

A

Longest section of the large intestine and includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

71
Q

Rectum

A

Empties into the anal canal. Function is temporary storage of fecal material

72
Q

Anal canal and anus

A

Opens to the exterior to allow waste out of body

73
Q

External voluntary sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle

74
Q

Internal involuntary sphincter

A

Smooth muscle

75
Q

Unique characteristics of the large intestine

A

Lacks villi and microvilli
Contains large numbers of goblet cells
Lots of intestinal flora (mostly good bacteria)

76
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Removes water from indigestible food
Stores and empties feces from the body
Absorbs vitamins

Anatomy (12 decks)

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