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Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Integument means

A

Covering

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2
Q

Three layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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3
Q

Three components of the integumentary system

A
  • three layers of skin
  • sweat glands and oil glands
  • hair and nails
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4
Q

Six functions of the integumentary system

A

Water resistance, protection, waste removal, synthesis of vitamin D, absorption of fat, temperature regulation

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5
Q

Waterproofing substances

A

Glycolipid and keratin

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6
Q

Types of protection

A

Mechanical damage, chemical damage, pathogens (bacteria), UV radiation – protection provided by the pigment melanin, thermal damage

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7
Q

Absorption of fat soluble substances

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K and steroid drugs

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8
Q

Two types of temperature regulation

A

Heat loss – cooling of the body, heat retention – warming of the body

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9
Q

Cooling the body

A

Loss of heat through sweat glands, opening capillaries

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10
Q

Warming the body

A

Decreases blood flow to the skin, insulation through fat, close capillaries

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11
Q

Epidermis tissue

A

Stratified squamous (keratinized)

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12
Q

Function of keratin

A

Prevents water loss, insoluble

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13
Q

Dermis tissue

A

Dense fibrous tissue and areolar (vascular)

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14
Q

Hypodermis tissue

A

Adipose, very vascular

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15
Q

Functions of hypodermis

A

Insulation from cold, energy storage, cushion for underlying tissues

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16
Q

Five layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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17
Q

Function of basal cells

A

Replace keratinocytes that are shed from the surface, transfer nutrients from the capillaries in the dermis to the rest of the dermis

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18
Q

Function of stratum spinosum

A

Immunity; prevent pathogens from reaching the stratum basal or dermis

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19
Q

Granulosum

A

Flat and squamous, lose the nucleus

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20
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hand

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21
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Superficial, cells are shed as dandruff, outermost layer

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22
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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23
Q

Papillary layer location

A

Location: top region of the dermis just below the epidermis

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24
Q

Papillary layer function

A

Keeps the epidermis and dermis from sliding over each other and separating, prevents blisters

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25
Q

How do you blisters develop

A

When the epidermis and dermis are separated

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26
Q

Reticular layer contains

A

Blood vessels and temperature receptors, sweat gland and sebaceous glands, pressure and pain receptors, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, phagocytes

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27
Q

Structure of the reticular layer

A

Contains many fibers of collagen and elastin

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28
Q

What pigment determines the color of skin, hair and eyes

A

Melanin

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29
Q

Two main types of melanin

A

Dark melon – black or brown pigment

Light melanin – yellow – orange or red – yellow pigment

30
Q

Skin color inheritance

A

Skin color is determined by three genes

Each time a dominant allele is added the skin gets a little darker as more melanin is produced

31
Q

Other factors affecting skin color

A

Amount of carotene – gives skin and orange tint

32
Q

Carotene

A

A yellow – orange pigment found in carrots and other yellow, orange, or leafy green vegetables

Gets deposited in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis

33
Q

Amount of hemoglobin protein in the blood

A

Paler – skinned people can take on a pinkish or reddish tint to their skin

34
Q

The primary function of hair

A

Protection

35
Q

Structure of hair

A

Produced by the stratum basale cells of the hair follicle

36
Q

Hair shaft

A

Visible part of hair above the epidermis

37
Q

Hair root

A

Hair below the epidermis

38
Q

Hair papilla

A

Structure at the base of the hair route; tissue from the dermis

39
Q

Hair papilla contains

A

Blood supply for the hair root

40
Q

Germinal matrix

A

Region of cells directly above the hair papilla that actually produce the hair

41
Q

Cuticle

A

Outermost protective layer of hair; prevents matting of hair

42
Q

Arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle that connects to hair follicle; vestigial organ - no longer needed

43
Q

Arrector pili is

A

Responsible for goosebumps to prevent heat loss

44
Q

Nails

A

Formed when epidermal cells filled with keratin and become hard and plate-like

45
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands that produce oil called sebum

46
Q

Location of sebaceous glands

A

Everywhere except the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands

47
Q

Sebaceous glands empty into

A

Hair follicles

48
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

Softens and moistens the skin, keeps hair from becoming brittle, kills bacteria

49
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

50
Q

Eccrine glands

A

More numerous; located everywhere, active throughout life

51
Q

Eccrine glands empty into

A

Pores directly onto skin

52
Q

Eccrine glands function

A

Heat regulation

53
Q

Eccrine composition

A

NACL, potassium, water, vitamin c, urea, and lactic acid

54
Q

Apocrine glands location

A

Located in armpits, genitals and nipples

55
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Become active during puberty and empty into hair follicles

56
Q

Apocrine glands function

A

Some heat regulation and possible unknown function

57
Q

Apocrine glands composition

A

Everything in normal sweat in addition to fatty acids and proteins

58
Q

To life-threatening complications associated with burns

A

Loss of body fluids – immediate problem and infections – long-term problem

59
Q

Four causes of burns

A

Heat, sun, chemicals, electricity

60
Q

ABCDE’s of skin cancer

A

Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, elevation

61
Q

Asymmetry

A

Moles should be symmetrical

62
Q

Border

A

Moles should be smooth and round

63
Q

Color

A

Moles should be a single color

64
Q

Diameter

A

Diameter should not be greater than a pencil eraser

65
Q

Elevation

A

Moles should not increase in height or form bumps

66
Q

Three types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

67
Q

Most common type of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

68
Q

Most dangerous type of skin cancer

A

Melanoma

69
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Cancer forms in the stratum spinosum layer, rarely fatal

70
Q

Two types of UV waves

A

UVA – long UV waves and UVB – short UV waves

71
Q

UVA waves cause

A

Wrinkling and aging of the skin

72
Q

UVB waves cause

A

Skin cancer and sunburn

Anatomy (12 decks)

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