Chapter 11 (pt. 2)

Question 1

What is blood pressure

Answer 1

The measurement of the perpendicular force applied to the artery walls during contraction of the heart

Question 2

Normal bp

Answer 2

120/80

Question 3

High bp

Answer 3

140/90 or higher

Question 4

Low bp

Answer 4

90/60 or lower

Question 5

What are the 3 waves of the ECG

Answer 5

P, QRS, T

Question 6

P wave function

Answer 6

A small wave that signals the depolarization of the atria right before the atria contract (phase 1)

Question 7

The P wave corresponds to the signal of the

Answer 7

SA node to the AV node

Question 8

QRS wave

Answer 8

A large wave that signals the depolarization of the ventricles right before the ventricles contract (phase 2 and 3)

Question 9

The QRS wave corresponds to the conduction of the electrical signal from the

Answer 9

AV node to the Bundle of His and purkinje fibers

Question 10

T wave

Answer 10

A wave that shows the repolarization of the ventricles (phase 4)

Question 11

T wave corresponds to

Answer 11

the relaxation of the ventricles before the next heart beat

Question 12

Heart block

Answer 12

Beating of the ventricles at their own slower rate; cause: damage to the AV node

Question 13

What is an ECG

Answer 13

A machine that measures the electrical impulses that are occurring in the heart

Question 14

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) results in ECG wave changes due to the

Answer 14

Death and loss of heart muscle cells, cells begin to die from a lack of oxygen

Question 15

Fibrillation (V fib)

Answer 15

Rapid, uncoordinated contraction of the heart; SA node loses control of the heart contraction

Question 16

Tachycardia

Answer 16

When the heart beats faster than normal (greater than 100 beats/minute while the patient is resting)

Question 17

Bradycardia

Answer 17

When the heart beats slower than normal (less than 60 beats / minute)

Question 18

Ischemia

Answer 18

Lack of blood flow to the heart (results in oxygen deprivation)

Question 19

Angina pectoris

Answer 19

Chest pain due to an ischemic event

Question 20

Systolic pressure

Answer 20

Top number, indicates maximum pressure during ventricular contraction

Question 21

Diastolic pressure

Answer 21

Bottom number, lowest pressure in the arteries between contractions

Question 22

What major organ regulates blood pressure

Answer 22

Kidneys

Question 23

How do the kidneys regulate the blood pressure?

Answer 23

The kidneys control the blood volume by controlling the amount of water released in the urine or retained through an enzyme called renin

Question 24

Hormones involved

Answer 24

Anti-diuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and aldosterone secreted by the adrenal glands

Question 25

If the blood pressure is too low:

Answer 25

ADH causes the kidneys to retain water and blood volume increases; Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete water and blood volume decreases

Question 26

If blood pressure is too high

Answer 26

The heart secretes ANP which increases sodium and water excretion in the kidneys

Question 27

Hypertension

Answer 27

Blood pressure greater than 140/90 | No symptoms

Question 28

7 causes of high blood pressure

Answer 28

1. Smoking and alcohol 2. Obesity 3. Genetics 4. Healthy diet (low sodium and high potassium) 5. Lack of exercise 6. Age and gender 7. Stress

Question 29

How chronic hypertension damages the heart

Answer 29

High bp causes the heart to work harder to pump the blood throughout the body. The heart enlarges the myocardium. The increased bp weakens the heart and the risk for heart disease and failure increase.

Question 30

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

Answer 30

Bad cholesterol. Transports cholesterol and fats from the liver to the arteries.

Question 31

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

Answer 31

Good cholesterol. Removes fats from the arteries and brings them to the liver for destruction.

Question 32

What should the values be of HDL and LDL

Answer 32

Total: less than 200 HDL: at least 1/3 of LDL levels Triglycerides: less than 150

Question 33

Triglycerides

Answer 33

Bad fats that travel in the blood and are deposited on artery walls

Question 34

High bp is often associated with

Answer 34

High cholesterol

Question 35

A heart attack can occur from the rupture of plaque in the

Answer 35

Coronary arteries