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Anatomy > Chapter 11 (pt. 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 (pt. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The measurement of the perpendicular force applied to the artery walls during contraction of the heart

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2
Q

Normal bp

A

120/80

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3
Q

High bp

A

140/90 or higher

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4
Q

Low bp

A

90/60 or lower

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5
Q

What are the 3 waves of the ECG

A

P, QRS, T

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6
Q

P wave function

A

A small wave that signals the depolarization of the atria right before the atria contract (phase 1)

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7
Q

The P wave corresponds to the signal of the

A

SA node to the AV node

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8
Q

QRS wave

A

A large wave that signals the depolarization of the ventricles right before the ventricles contract (phase 2 and 3)

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9
Q

The QRS wave corresponds to the conduction of the electrical signal from the

A

AV node to the Bundle of His and purkinje fibers

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10
Q

T wave

A

A wave that shows the repolarization of the ventricles (phase 4)

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11
Q

T wave corresponds to

A

the relaxation of the ventricles before the next heart beat

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12
Q

Heart block

A

Beating of the ventricles at their own slower rate; cause: damage to the AV node

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13
Q

What is an ECG

A

A machine that measures the electrical impulses that are occurring in the heart

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14
Q

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) results in ECG wave changes due to the

A

Death and loss of heart muscle cells, cells begin to die from a lack of oxygen

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15
Q

Fibrillation (V fib)

A

Rapid, uncoordinated contraction of the heart; SA node loses control of the heart contraction

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16
Q

Tachycardia

A

When the heart beats faster than normal (greater than 100 beats/minute while the patient is resting)

17
Q

Bradycardia

A

When the heart beats slower than normal (less than 60 beats / minute)

18
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of blood flow to the heart (results in oxygen deprivation)

19
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain due to an ischemic event

20
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Top number, indicates maximum pressure during ventricular contraction

21
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Bottom number, lowest pressure in the arteries between contractions

22
Q

What major organ regulates blood pressure

A

Kidneys

23
Q

How do the kidneys regulate the blood pressure?

A

The kidneys control the blood volume by controlling the amount of water released in the urine or retained through an enzyme called renin

24
Q

Hormones involved

A

Anti-diuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and aldosterone secreted by the adrenal glands

25
Q

If the blood pressure is too low:

A

ADH causes the kidneys to retain water and blood volume increases;
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete water and blood volume decreases

26
Q

If blood pressure is too high

A

The heart secretes ANP which increases sodium and water excretion in the kidneys

27
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood pressure greater than 140/90

No symptoms

28
Q

7 causes of high blood pressure

A
  1. Smoking and alcohol
  2. Obesity
  3. Genetics
  4. Healthy diet (low sodium and high potassium)
  5. Lack of exercise
  6. Age and gender
  7. Stress
29
Q

How chronic hypertension damages the heart

A

High bp causes the heart to work harder to pump the blood throughout the body. The heart enlarges the myocardium. The increased bp weakens the heart and the risk for heart disease and failure increase.

30
Q

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

A

Bad cholesterol. Transports cholesterol and fats from the liver to the arteries.

31
Q

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

A

Good cholesterol. Removes fats from the arteries and brings them to the liver for destruction.

32
Q

What should the values be of HDL and LDL

A

Total: less than 200
HDL: at least 1/3 of LDL levels
Triglycerides: less than 150

33
Q

Triglycerides

A

Bad fats that travel in the blood and are deposited on artery walls

34
Q

High bp is often associated with

A

High cholesterol

35
Q

A heart attack can occur from the rupture of plaque in the

A

Coronary arteries

Anatomy (12 decks)

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