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MCAT Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Something you naturally respond to. (Ex. Chocolate, sugar, sex etc)

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2
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The type of response put forward by a UCS

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3
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Anything you can sense but initiates no response (Fridge door)

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learned response to a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus through pairing with the US elicits a response.

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6
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A response to the CS that occurs as due to training

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7
Q

Generalization

A

Responding to a test stimulus as a result of training with another similar stimulus. (Responding to smile)

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8
Q

Discrimination

A

The differential responding to 2 stimuli following discrimination training

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9
Q

Extinction

A

CS is continuously presented without the US. So eventually the CS cannot form the same response.

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10
Q

Operant Conditioning

A 
Utilizes consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to drive behavior. 
After done enough times, task can be carried out with out reward presentation
Positive/Negative reinforcement Positive/Negative Punishment.
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11
Q

Shaping

A

Successively reinforcing behavior that leads to the target behavior.

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12
Q

Schedules of Partial reinforcement

A

Fixed-ratio, fixed-interval

variable-ratio, variable-interval

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13
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after a certain amount (5 car bonus)

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14
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforcement occurs after a certain time (2wk pay period)

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15
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after a changing amount

Occurs after an avg # of correct responses occur

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16
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforcement occurs after a changing amount of time

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17
Q

Innate Behavior

A

Simple Innate Behavior (Reflexes, taxis, kinesis)

Complex Innate Behavior (FAP, Migration, Circ Rhy)

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18
Q

Learned Behavior

A

Habituation, Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, Insight Learning

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19
Q

Aversive Control

A

Escape Learning, Avoidance learning are types of aversive control
Use of punishment or negative reinforcement, to control behavior, and eliminate undesirable behavior.

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20
Q

Escape Behavior

A

Allows you to carry out a behavior that terminates unpleasant stimulus.

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21
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Albert Bandura

A behavior can be learned and not performed. Does not mean the behavior was not learned.

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22
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A

A-Attention
M-Memory
I-Imitation
M-Motivation

23
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases further instances of behavior
Positive: Adding (Money) (Hippocampus)
Negative: Removes undesirable stimulus following correct behavior (Seatbelt sign) (Amygdala)

24
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases further instances of behavior
Positive: Adding (Ticket)
Negative: Removing (License)

25
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Highly emotional memories that are very vivid

26
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

Example of synaptic plasticity (the ability of neurons to change their strength)
Neurons communicat and same levels of presynaptic activity lead to greater post synaptic activity

27
Q

Decay in Learning

A

Ebbinghaus (Rate of word forgetfulness)

When info is not retrieved for a long time, the neural connections become weaker. “Use it or lose it”

28
Q

Interference

A

Retroactive: New piece of learning impairs old learning
Proactive: Something you learned in the past interferes with your ability to remember new one.

29
Q

Dementia

A

Excessive damage to brain tissue
Most common: Alzheimers
Decline in memory & other cog functions that impairs daily life

30
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine
Damage to brain leads to memory loss, loss of balance, reduced cognition
Severe memory loss

31
Q

Confabulation

A

Makes up stories to fill in the gaps during memory loss in korsakoff’s syndrome

32
Q

Nonassociative Learning

A

When an organism is repeatedly exposed to a stimulus

33
Q

Associative Learning

A

Process of learning in which one event is connected with another

  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
34
Q

Observational Learning

A

Social learning or learning through observation/watching/imitating others

35
Q

Modeling

A

Mechanism behind observational learning. You model and then you imitate.

36
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

37
Q

Reflexive Movements

A

Primitive, involuntary movements (0-1 years)

Genetic

38
Q

Rudimentary Movements

A

0-2 Years
Serve as the 1st voluntary movements
Dictated by genes

39
Q

Fundamental Movements

A

2-7 Years
Fundamental movement
Highly influenced by environment

40
Q

Specialized Movement

A

Transitional substage: Combine movements

Application substage: Apply these to a certain activity

41
Q

Lifelong application stage

A

Take all movements learned and apply to various things in life

42
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

The age before which we remember nothing (3.5 years)

Learning still happens during this stage

43
Q

Harlow Monkey Experiment

A

Monkeys are attracted to comfort when young, not nourishment. Contact comfort was more important.

44
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Experiment with securely attached and insecurely attached infants

45
Q

Securely attached infants

A

In the presence of mother they play and explore, get distressed when mother leaves and seek comfort when she returns

46
Q

Insecurely attached Infants

A

Latch on to mother, when she leaves they cry or act indifferent and return.

47
Q

Parenting Styles

A

Authoritarian - Too strict without reason
Permissive - Not strict at all, kids run show
Authoritative - “Best” parenting style

48
Q

Serial Positioning Effect

A

Effect seen when memorizing a list of sorts, that you remember the first few and last few. This is the recency and primacy effect.

49
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do things in the future

50
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Tendency to misremember

51
Q

False memory

A

Repeatedly imagining something can create inaccurate recollections for an event.

52
Q

Avoidance behavior

A

A behavior carried out to ‘avoid’ unpleasant stimulus even when there is nothing to avoid sometimes. Rat jumping to avoid shock.

53
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Short term memory for sound

MCAT Psychology (8 decks)

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