Chapter 5 Flashcards
Unconditioned Stimulus
Something you naturally respond to. (Ex. Chocolate, sugar, sex etc)
Unconditioned Response
The type of response put forward by a UCS
Neutral Stimulus
Anything you can sense but initiates no response (Fridge door)
Classical Conditioning
Learned response to a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
A stimulus through pairing with the US elicits a response.
Conditioned Response
A response to the CS that occurs as due to training
Generalization
Responding to a test stimulus as a result of training with another similar stimulus. (Responding to smile)
Discrimination
The differential responding to 2 stimuli following discrimination training
Extinction
CS is continuously presented without the US. So eventually the CS cannot form the same response.
Operant Conditioning
Utilizes consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to drive behavior. After done enough times, task can be carried out with out reward presentation Positive/Negative reinforcement Positive/Negative Punishment.
Shaping
Successively reinforcing behavior that leads to the target behavior.
Schedules of Partial reinforcement
Fixed-ratio, fixed-interval
variable-ratio, variable-interval
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a certain amount (5 car bonus)
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement occurs after a certain time (2wk pay period)
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a changing amount
Occurs after an avg # of correct responses occur
Variable Interval
Reinforcement occurs after a changing amount of time
Innate Behavior
Simple Innate Behavior (Reflexes, taxis, kinesis)
Complex Innate Behavior (FAP, Migration, Circ Rhy)
Learned Behavior
Habituation, Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, Insight Learning
Aversive Control
Escape Learning, Avoidance learning are types of aversive control
Use of punishment or negative reinforcement, to control behavior, and eliminate undesirable behavior.
Escape Behavior
Allows you to carry out a behavior that terminates unpleasant stimulus.
Bobo Doll Experiment
Albert Bandura
A behavior can be learned and not performed. Does not mean the behavior was not learned.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
A-Attention
M-Memory
I-Imitation
M-Motivation
Reinforcement
Increases further instances of behavior
Positive: Adding (Money) (Hippocampus)
Negative: Removes undesirable stimulus following correct behavior (Seatbelt sign) (Amygdala)
Punishment
Decreases further instances of behavior
Positive: Adding (Ticket)
Negative: Removing (License)
Flashbulb Memories
Highly emotional memories that are very vivid
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
Example of synaptic plasticity (the ability of neurons to change their strength)
Neurons communicat and same levels of presynaptic activity lead to greater post synaptic activity
Decay in Learning
Ebbinghaus (Rate of word forgetfulness)
When info is not retrieved for a long time, the neural connections become weaker. “Use it or lose it”
Interference
Retroactive: New piece of learning impairs old learning
Proactive: Something you learned in the past interferes with your ability to remember new one.
Dementia
Excessive damage to brain tissue
Most common: Alzheimers
Decline in memory & other cog functions that impairs daily life
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine
Damage to brain leads to memory loss, loss of balance, reduced cognition
Severe memory loss
Confabulation
Makes up stories to fill in the gaps during memory loss in korsakoff’s syndrome
Nonassociative Learning
When an organism is repeatedly exposed to a stimulus
Associative Learning
Process of learning in which one event is connected with another
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Social learning or learning through observation/watching/imitating others
Modeling
Mechanism behind observational learning. You model and then you imitate.
Reciprocal Determinism
the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
Reflexive Movements
Primitive, involuntary movements (0-1 years)
Genetic
Rudimentary Movements
0-2 Years
Serve as the 1st voluntary movements
Dictated by genes
Fundamental Movements
2-7 Years
Fundamental movement
Highly influenced by environment
Specialized Movement
Transitional substage: Combine movements
Application substage: Apply these to a certain activity
Lifelong application stage
Take all movements learned and apply to various things in life
Infantile Amnesia
The age before which we remember nothing (3.5 years)
Learning still happens during this stage
Harlow Monkey Experiment
Monkeys are attracted to comfort when young, not nourishment. Contact comfort was more important.
Mary Ainsworth
Experiment with securely attached and insecurely attached infants
Securely attached infants
In the presence of mother they play and explore, get distressed when mother leaves and seek comfort when she returns
Insecurely attached Infants
Latch on to mother, when she leaves they cry or act indifferent and return.
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian - Too strict without reason
Permissive - Not strict at all, kids run show
Authoritative - “Best” parenting style
Serial Positioning Effect
Effect seen when memorizing a list of sorts, that you remember the first few and last few. This is the recency and primacy effect.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do things in the future
Misinformation effect
Tendency to misremember
False memory
Repeatedly imagining something can create inaccurate recollections for an event.
Avoidance behavior
A behavior carried out to ‘avoid’ unpleasant stimulus even when there is nothing to avoid sometimes. Rat jumping to avoid shock.
Echoic Memory
Short term memory for sound
