Chapter 4 Flashcards
Selective Attention
Input is attended to and rest is tuned out
Divided Attention
When/If we can perform multiple tasks simultaneously
Attended Channel
Information listened to in selective attention
Unattended Channel
Information not listened to in selective attention
Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention
Input –> Sensory buffer –> Selective Filter –> Higher level processing –> Working Memory
Treisman’s Attenuation Model
Input –> Sensory Buffer –> Attenuation Filter –> Higher level processing –> Working Memory
Resource Model of Attention
Limited amount of resources available when performing tasks
Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory
Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad and Episodic Buffer are governed by the Central Executive
Schema
Mental framework
We can either assimilate to those schemas or accommodate/modify those schemas
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development
Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2. No object permanance
Pre-operational Stage: 2-7, egocentric.
Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11. Conservation Principle
Formal Operational Stage: 12+ Moral & abstract reasoning
Recognition
Retrieving information from memory with clues
Recall
Retrieving information from memory without clues
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts
Functional Fixedness
Perceiving the functions of objects as unchanging. Ex. Keys can cut open boxes
Representativeness Heuristic
Tendency to make decision by comparison to mental stereotypes.
Ex. Skateboarders get in trouble.
Availability Heuristic
Tendency to make decision based on how readily information is called to memories.
Ex. Crime rates in the country (skewed)
Reticular Formation
Structures in the brainstem that control alertness and arousal
Relaxation Stage
Alpha Waves
Stage 1 Sleep
Theta Waves
Stage 2 Sleep
Theta waves, K complexes, sleep spindles
Stage 3 & 4 Sleep
Delta Waves
REM Sleep
Resemble beta waves. Muscle atonia.
Freud’s Dream Theory
Dreams are subconscious thoughts
Manifest Content
Literally what the dream was about
Latent Content
What the dream actually represents
Insomnia
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder where you experience periods of intense sleepiness
Somnabulism
Sleepwalking
Nucleus Acumbens
Pleasure center of the brain
Universal Emotion
Happy, Sad, Fear, Anger, Disgust and Surprise
Yerkes-Dodson Law
One will perform best when moderately aroused.
James Lange Theory
Stimulus –> Physiological response (Inc HR) –> Interpretation of physiological response –> Emotion (Happy)
Sad because you cry not cry because you are sad
Cannon-Bard Theory
Stimulus –> Physiological response (Inc HR) & Emotion (Happy)
Schachter-Singer Theory
Stimulus –> Physiological response (Inc HR) –> Labeling PR & Event (I like it) –> Emotion (Happy)
Lazarus Theory
Event –> Appraisal (Label) –> Emotion + Physiological Response)
HAT Hippo
H: Hypothalamus (ANS innervatino)
A: Amygdala (Emotional control & inhibition)
T: Thalamus (relay see/hear/feel/taste) NOT smell
Hippocampus: Working memory
Appraisal
How it is interpreted by an individual. Primary appraisal (what threat right now) Secondary appraisal (ability to cope with this stress)
Stressors
1) Significant Life Change
2) Catestrophic Events
3) Daily Hassles
4) Ambient Stressors (Pollution/Noise etc)
General Adaptation Syndrome
1st Phase: Alarm
2nd Phase: Resistance
3rd Phase: Exhaustion
Effect of Stress on Heart
Increase BP
Vascular disease
Effect of Stress on Metabolism
Increases Cortisol
Increased Glucagon increases glucose supply (extra blood sugar harmful)
Effect of Stress on Reproduction
LH & FSH inhibited, decreases reproductive abilities.
Decrease in testosterone in men.
Effect of Stress on Immune System
Increased in inflammation
Effect of Stress on Behavior
Depression & Anger
Universalism
Thoughts come before language. Thoughts determines our language.
Guinea people did not have thoughts of different colors to have words for it.
Piaget’s Thoughts
Thoughts influence language.
Once children can think a certain way, they then develop language to describe these thoughts.
Vygotsky Theory of Thought
Thoughts and language are independent of each other but eventually you learn to use them at the same time.
Weak Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism
Language influences thoughts.
Easier to think in certain ways depending on our language.
Strong Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism
Language determines thoughts completely.
Aka Whorfian Hypothesis.
Nativist/Innatist Theory
Noam Chomsky
Children are born with the ability to learn language
Children have Language Activation Device (LAD) which operates during critical period and allows to learn language.
Learning Theory
Children are not born with the ability to learn they only acquire language through reinforcement.
Interactionist Approach
Biological + Social factors have to interact in order for children to learn language.
Vygotsky
Broca’s Area
Helps us speak
Left frontal lobe
Needed in language expression
Wernicke’s Area
Helps us understand language
Temporal Lobe
Broca’s Aphasia
Broken Speech
Trouble producing speech, words become halting or slurred.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
No trouble producing words but the words do not make sense. Nonsense sentences.
Global Aphasia
Broca’s & Wernicke’s Aphasia
Broca’s area and wernicke’s area are connected by a fiber bundle called what?
Arcuate Fasciulus
