Chapter 5 Flashcards
Biomechanics
Science concerned with internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects
Movement
Represents the functioning of the 3 main systems, the nervous system (central and peripheral), the skeletal (articular) and the muscular system.
What does Anatomical locations refer to?
Refers to terms that describe specific locations or landmarks on the body
What are the anatomic locations?
Superior Inferior Proximal Distal Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Contra lateral Ipsilateral
Superior
Position ABOVE a reference point
Ex. The femur (thigh bone) is superior to the tibia (shin bone)
Inferior
Position BELOW a reference point.
Ex. The calcaneous (heel bone) is inferior to the patella (knee bone)
Proximal
Position nearest the center of the body or point reference. Ex. The knee is more proximal to the hip than the ankle
Distal
Position AWAY from the center of the body or point of reference.
Ex. The ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee
Anterior
Position ON or TOWARD the front of the body.
Ex. The quads are located on the anterior aspect of the thigh
Posterior
Position ON or TOWARD te back of the body.
Ex. The hamstring complex is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh.
Medial
Position closer to the midline of the body.
Ex. The adductors are on the medial side of the thigh
Lateral
Position farther away from the midline of the body.
Ex. The ears are in the lateral side if the head
Contralateral
Position on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
Position in the same side of the body
Planes of motion
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
Anatomic position
Body facing forward with palms facing front
What is Sagittal plane.
It’s axis.
The movements
Body divided into left and right halves occurs around a coronal axis.movements are flexion and extension
Frontal plane
It’s axis
Movement
Divides body into front and back halves.
Anterior and posterior axis
Adduction, abduction,eversion, inversion at the foot and ankle complex, lateral flexing of the spine.
Flexion
Bending in which two adjacent segments decreases
Extension
Angle between two adjacent segment increases
Abduction
Movement in frontal plane where the body moves away from midline of the body
Adduction
Movement where the body moves inward towards the midline of the body
Lateral Flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side or side bending
Eversion and inversion
Movement of the calcaneous and tarsals
Transverse plane
Axis
Movements
Top and bottom halves
Longitudal or vertical axis
Internal and external rotations for limbs
Head and trunk right and left rotation
Horizontal abduction and adduction
Radioulnoir (forearm) pronation and supination
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle o the body
External rotation
Rotation of joint away from middle of the body
Scapular motion and it’s movements
Motions of the shoulder blades. Retraction protraction elevation and depression
Retraction
Shoulder blades move inward toward midline
Protraction
Shoulder blades move away from midline
Elevation
Upward motion of scapula
Depression
Downward movement of shoulder blades
Muscle actions
Isotonic (eccentric and concentric)
Isometric (length)
Isokinetic ( motion)
Eccentric
- Muscle develops tension while lengthening
- moving in the same direction as the resistance
- Deceleration
Concentric
Moving in opposite direction of force
Accelerates or produces force
Isometric
Constant length, no change in muscle length
Isokinetic
Muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
Isotonic
Constant tension in the muscle
Isotonics components
Eccentric and concentric
