Chapter 5 Flashcards
Drugs of Abuse
DEFINE
What does the ‘Harrison Narcotics Act’ involve?
US legislation in 1915
Narcotics are only allowed to be used for medicinal uses
DEFINE
What does the ‘Controlled Substances Act’ involve?
US legislation in 1970
Defines a classification system for drugs
DEFINE
What is a controlled substance schedule?
A class within drugs are grouped into under the controlled substance act.
as the number increases, the medicinal use increases and decreased risk of abuse
EXPLAIN
What does it mean for a drug to be ‘Schedule I’?
Drug is deemed to have no medicinal benefit and is at high risk for abuse
Weed is currently under this classification, also LSD and Heroin
EXPLAIN
What does it mean for a drug to be ‘Schedule II’?
The drug is at high risk for abuse, but has a reconized medicinal use
ex. Cocaine, Morphine, PCP
DEFINE
Designer Drug
A drug that is designed to circumvent drug scheduling
ex. Bath Salts
EXPLAIN
What is the Harming Rate Scales?
An alternative method to drug scheduling where a drug is ranked on a scale within 3 different catagories to assign it a rating
LIST
What are the 3 attributes drugs are ranked on?
- Physical Harm
- Addiction
- Societal Harm
DEFINE
Substance Use Disorder
A cluster of cognitive, behavioural, and physiological symptoms that indicate an addiction to a given drug
EXPLAIN
How does Associative Learning Principles tie into drug use?
Use example of Operant Conditioning or Classical Conditioning
Drugs can play the role of the different stimulus in these principles, such as conditioned stimulus (Operant Conditioning) or be encouraged to continue use due to reinforcements (Classical Conditioning)
DEFINE
Goal-Directed Behaviour
Behaviour that occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviours to achieve a desired goal
LIST
What are the 4 addictional models?
- Drive Theory
- Opponent-Process Theory
- Incentive Salience
- Disease
EXPLAIN
What is the Drive Theory of addiction?
The idea that repeated drug use leds to a drive to use of a drug for its positive reinforcing effects
EXPLAIN
What is the Opponent-Process Theory of addiction?
The idea that the effect of a drug is automatically counteracted by our bodies to maintain homeostasis
DEFINE
Allostasis
the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis
DEFINE
Incentive salience
Attribution of salient motivational value to (Motivation through “want”) otherwise neutral stimuli
EXPLAIN
What is the Incentive-Salience model of addiction?
The idea that addiction occurs when there is a shift from liking to wanting a drug
liking: Enjoying the drug effects
Wanting: A motovational state where one pursues the drug
EXPLAIN
What is the disease theory of addiction?
The perception of addiction being a medical disease of disrupted neurological processes
EXPLAIN
What part of the brain is involved in reward circuitry?
The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway
LIST
What are the 3 parts of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway?
- Ventral Tegmental Area
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Ventral Pallidum
EXPLAIN
Label the 2 receptors in reward circuitry based on whether they are excitatory or inhibitory
D1 Receptors are Inhibitory
D2 Receptors are Excitatory
LIST
What 2 drugs directly activiate the reward circuits and how?
Cocaine and Amphetamines
by blocking the reuptake of dopamine
LIST
What drug indirectly activiate the reward circuits and how?
Opioids
by reducing GABA inhibition
EXPLAIN
What does the ΔFosB transcription factor result in?
Increase of spines on GAGAergic neurons
results in less inhibition of dopamine neurons
EXPLAIN
What role does the amygdala play in chronic drug use?
Associates stimuli present during drug use with reinforcing effects of the drug
EXPLAIN
What role does the orbitofrontal cortex play in chronic drug use?
It assigns value to stimuli paired with drug effects
creates incentive to use drug
EXPLAIN
What is the thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway?
a route for processing emotional information, and is crucial for emotional learning and responses, particularly fear conditioning
LIST
What 2 areas does the thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway route to?
Hippocampus and Hypothalamus
EXPLAIN
What role does the hippocampus play in chronic drug use?
Provides contextual information that is linked to drug-taking
EXPLAIN
What is the hypothalamus role in chronic drug use?
Elicits autonomic system effects associated with withdrawal
EXPLAIN
What effect does chronic drug use have on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
Compromises our ability of decision making
EXPLAIN
What role does the Dorsal Striatum play in chronic drug use?
Plays a role in the development of a habit
LIST
What are the neurobiological systems involved in intoxication?
Reward circuitry
LIST
What are the neurobiological systems involved in withdrawal?
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Autonomic nervous system
LIST
What are the neurobiological systems involved in preoccuptation and anticipation?
- Prefrontal cortex
- Amygdala
- Thalamus
- Hippocampus
