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PSYCH2800: Drugs & Behaviour > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Nervous System

1
Q

DEFINE

Neurons

A

A specialized cell in the nervous system that controls behaviour, sensory information and movement

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2
Q

DEFINE

Glia

A

Cells that support the function of neurons

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3
Q

EXPLAIN

How many neurons do we have in our nervous system?

A

90-100 billion

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4
Q

DEFINE

Action Potentials

A

A sequence of changes in voltages across the membrane

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5
Q

LIST

What are the structures of the neuron?

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Soma
  3. Axon
  4. Axon Terminal
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6
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of a Dendrite in a neuron?

A

Receives information from other neurons

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7
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the soma in a neuron?

A

The cell body of the neuron, containing basic cellular components

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8
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of an axon in the neuron?

A

Releases neurotransmitters for signalling with other neurons

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9
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the axon terminal in the neuron?

A

The end of an axon that releases neurochemicals in synapses

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10
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the difference between a Sensory neuron and a Motor neuron?

A

Sensory neurons carrys information towards the Central Nervous System from the brain, while Motor neurons carry information away from the Central Nervous System to the brain

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11
Q

DEFINE

Interneurons

A

Neurons who are located in the same region of the brain, forming local circuits

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12
Q

LIST

What are the 4 types of Glia?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
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13
Q

EXPLAIN

What does Oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form Myelin

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14
Q

EXPLAIN

What do Astrocytes do?

A
  • Helps form blood brain barrier
  • Responds to neuronal injury
  • Supply nutrients to neurons to synthesize neurotensin
  • Buffer ions during neuron firing
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15
Q

EXPLAIN

What does Microglia do?

A

Act as the immune cells of the brain and remove cellular waste

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16
Q

DEFINE

What does the Ependymal cells do?

A

Make Cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

DEFINE

Neuroaxis

A

The axis of the neural tube that runs through the spinal cord and brain

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18
Q

DEFINE

Anterior - Posterior

A

Front - Back

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19
Q

DEFINE

Dorsal - Ventral

A

Top - Bottom

not to be confused with above - below

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20
Q

DEFINE

Medial - Lateral

A

Middle - Side

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21
Q

DEFINE

Superior - Inferior

A

Above - Below

Not to be confused with Top - Bottom

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22
Q

DEFINE

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory Input and Motor Output

23
Q

DEFINE

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Stress response system; Releases norepinephrine onto target cells

24
Q

DEFINE

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Maintains bodily functions at rest; Releases acetylcholine onto target cells

25
Q

DEFINE

Enteric Nervous System

A

Regulates digestion

27
Q

LIST

What 3 structures are in the Hindbrain?

A

Pons, Cerebellum and Medulla

28
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the pons in the hindbrain?

A

Long axons projecting to the brain and spinal cord; Involved in sleep regulation

29
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance, Coordination and timing of movement

30
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Medulla?

A

Regulates survival functions; Many cranial nerves orginate here

drug supression of medulla can lead to death

31
Q

LIST

What functions is the vagus nerve involved in for motor nerves?

A

Heart, Lungs, Bronchi, Gastrointestinal tract

all also involved for sensory nerves

32
Q

LIST

What functions is the vagus nerve involved in for sensory nerves?

A

Heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, external ear

33
Q

LIST

What structures are in the midbrain?

A
  • Superior Colliculus
  • Inferior colliculus
  • Subtantia Nigra
  • Ventral Tegmental Area
  • Periaqueductal Gray
34
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

Visual Tracking

35
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

Binuaural Hearing

36
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Subtantia Nigra in the midbrain?

A

Movement; Origin of dopaminergic fibres that project to the basal ganglia

37
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Ventral Tegmental Area in the midbrain?

A

Important in the reward system

38
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Periaqueductal Gray in the midbrain?

A

Pain regulation; High in endorphins

39
Q

LIST

What structures are located in the forebrain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Limbic System
  • Nucleus Accumbens
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Basal Ganglia
40
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Thalamus in the forebrain?

clarify

footnote

A

Sensory Relay; Important for consciousness

Does not process olfactory input (smell)

41
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Hypothalamus in the forebrain?

A

Regulates physiological processes (hunger, thirst, sex drive); Also regulates endrocrine system

42
Q

LIST

What are the parts of the Limbic System?

A
  1. Cingulate Gyrus
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Olfactory Bulb
43
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Cingulate Gyrus in the Limbic System?

A

Regulation of emotions, reacts to painful stimuli, memory processing and attention to sensory stimuli

44
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Hippocampus in the Limbic System?

A

Learning and Memory

45
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Amygdala in the Limbic System?

A

Fear and Agression

46
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Olfactory Bulb in the Limbic System?

A

Detection and processing of olfactory stimuli (smells)

47
Q

EXPLAIN

What is the function of the Nucleus Accumbens in the forebrain?

A

Brains reward center; Dopamine release

Activated by addictive drugs

48
Q

LIST

What are the 4 major lobes in the cerebral Cortex and their job?

A

Occipital: Visual processing
Temporal: Auditory processing
Parietal: Somatosensory Cortex
Frontal: Attention span, short-term memory and decision making

49
Q

LIST

What are the 3 things that make up the Basal Ganglia?

A

Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus

50
Q

DEFINE

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia in the forebrain?

A

Voluntary movement and Habitual movement

51
Q

DEFINE

Meninges

A

3 layers of membrane that surround the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

DEFINE

What is Cerebrospinal fluid?

A

A clear fluid produced by cells in the brain that provides cushioning between the meninges for the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

DEFINE

Polymorphism

A

The differences in a gene sequence that results in a change in protein expression

PSYCH2800: Drugs & Behaviour (6 decks)

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