Chapter 5 Flashcards
angi/o, vas/o
blood or lymph vessels
card/o, cardi/o
heart
arteri/o
arteries
capill/o
capillaries
phleb/o, ven/o
veins
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
ather/o
plague, fatty substance
-crasia
a mixture or blending
-emia
blood, blood condition
hem/o, hemat/o
blood, relating to the blood
thromb/o
clot
pericardium or pericardial sac
double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart (peri- means surrounding.
Parietal pericardium is a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
Pericardial fluid is found between these two layers where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats.
Visceral pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. When referred to as the outer layer of the heart, it is known as the epicardium.
epicardium
external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium.
epi- means upon.
myocardium
middle and thickest of the heart’s 3 layers
coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. the veins remove waste products from the myocardium.
atria
the two upper chambers of the hearts and these chambers are divided by interatrial septum.
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart and the chambers are divided by the interventricular septum; walls are thicker than those of atria because the ventricles must pump blood throughout the body.
the term ventricle is also used as a normal hollow chamber of the brain.
tricuspid valve
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. tricuspid means having 3 cusps (points).
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. pulmonary - pertaining to the lungs; semilunar - half-moon.
mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
located between the left atrium and left ventricle; shaped like a bishop’s miter (hat)
aortic semilunar valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
flow of blood
right atrium (RA) receives deoxygenated blood through superior and inferior venae cavae; from RA blood flows thought tricuspid valve into right ventricle (RV) which pumps the deoxygenated blood through pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. left atrium (LA) receives oxygenated blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins and blood flows from LA through mitral valve into the left ventricles (LV) and from there through aortic semilunar valve into the aorta for distribution to whole body except the lungs. l
systemic circulation
includes flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
the heartbeats
the rate and regularity of the heartbeats determined by electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium. the electrical impulses are also known as conduction system controlled by sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle of His.
sinoatrial (SA) node
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior venae cavae; SA node establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat and is therefore known as natural pacemaker of the heart; electrical impulses from SA node starts each wave of muscle contraction in the heart spreading over the muscle of both atria causing them to contract simultaneously and forcing blood into the ventricles.
atrioventricular (AV) node
located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum; the impulses from SA node travel to the AV node and then to the bundle of His
bundle of his
a group of fibres located within the interventricular septum; they carry electrical impulse which travel to the right and left ventricles and the purkinje fibers.
Purkinje fibers are specialized conductive fibres located within the walls of the ventricles and they relay electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles causing them to contract forcing the blood out of the heart into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
Electrical waves
sinus rhythm - normal beating of the heart.
P wave - due to stimulation (contraction) of the atria.
QRS complex - stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. atria relax when ventricles contract.
T wave - recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles.
endarterial
within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
common carotid artery
located on each side of the neck
internal carotid artery
takes oxygen-rich blood to the brain
external carotid artery
takes blood to the face
carotid arteries
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
capillaries
only one epithelial cell in thickness; the smallest blood vessels in the body; they slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues
pulse
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
blood pressure
measurement of amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the wall of the arteries
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract; the highest pressure against the walls of the artery
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
the blood plasma
plasma - straw-colored fluid containing nutrients, hormones and waste; 91% water, 9% of proteins including clotting proteins
serum - plasma fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins are removed
fibrinogen and prothrombin - clotting proteins
Blood - made up of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements
the blood formed elements
include erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes
erythrocytes
red blood cells (RBC); are mature RBCs produced by red bone marrow
hemoglobin - oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
leukocytes
white blood celles (WBC); blood cells involved in defending the body against infective and foreign substances. there are major groups of WBC
neutrophils - formed in red bone marrow and most common WBC; through phagocytosis, they play a major role in defence against pathogens; phagocytosis is process of destroying pathogens by swallowing them
basophils - formed in red bone marrow and the least common type of WBC; are responsible for causing symptoms of allergies
eosinophils - formed in red bone marrow and migrates throughout the body to destroy parasitic organisms and also play a major role in allergic reactions
lymphocytes - formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and the spleen. they identify foreign substances and germs and produce anitbodies that target them
monocytes - formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and the spleen; acting through phagocytosis, they provide immunological defence against infectious organisms
thrombocytes
also known as platelets; smallest formed elements of the blood; are important in clotting of blood
Rh Factor
defines the presence or absence of the rh antigen on red blood cells
blood gases
oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
cardiologist
physician specializing in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart
hematologist
physician specializing in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
vascular surgeon
physician specializing in the diagnoses, medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
congenital heart defects
abnormalities caused by failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
coronary artery disease (CAD)
atherosclerosis of coronary arteries reducing blood supply to the heart muscle; insufficient supply of oxygen causes angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or death; end-stage coronary artery disease is characterized by unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of arteries caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of arteries.
atheroma - is a characteristic of atherosclerosis and it is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall (ather - plaque; -oma is tumor)
ischemic heart disease
a group of cardia disabilities resulting from insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart; usually associated with coronary artery disease; ischemic means pertaining to disruption of blood supply
ischemia - condition where there is insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body; isch - to hold back; -emia - blood
angina pectoris
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
stable angina - occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest
unstable angina - may occur during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction
myocardial infarction
heart attack; an occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
heart failure
also known as congestive heart failure (CHF); common in elderly; heart is unable to pump out all the blood it receives causing congestion - fluid buildup.
left-sided hear failure - causes accumulation of fluid in the lungs - pulmonary edema
right-sided heart failure - causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body
cardiomegaly - abnormal enlargement of the heart associated with heart failure
carditis
inflammation of heart;
Endocarditis - inflammation of inner lining of the heart
bacterial endocarditis - inflammation caused by bacterial in the blood
Pericarditis - inflammation of pericardium causing accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac restricting the beating of the heart and the ability to pump blood throughout the body
myocarditis - uncommon condition of inflammation of myocardium developing as a complication of a viral infection.
cardiomyopathy
group of diseases of heart muscle
dilated cardiomyopathy - a disease of heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and pump less strongly; dilated means expansion of a hollow structure
heart valve diseases
heart murmur - abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighbouring large blood vessels - caused by defective heart valves but do not require surgery unless they affect quality of life
valvulitis - inflammation of a heart valve
Valvular prolapse - abnormal protrusion of heart valve resulting in the inability of the valve to close completely; prolapse means falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part e.g. mitral valve prolapse
Valvular stenosis - narrowing, stiffening, thickening or blockage of one or more valves e.g aortic valve stenosis
cardiac arrest and arrhythmia
arrhythmia - loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat caused by abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart
asystole - flat line (a-without systole-contraction)
cardiac arrest - abrupt stopping of the heart beats or development of arrhythmia that prevents the heart from pumping efficiently
sudden cardiac death - results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
bradycardia - abnormally slow resting heart rate (heart beats 100 beats per minute)
palpitation - pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm; associated with certain heart disorder but can also occur during panic attack
atrial and ventricular fibrillations
fibrillation - rapid and uncontrolled heartbeat
atrial fibrillation - (a-fib) occurs when normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall; some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricules and make them contract more rapidly and less efficiently (80-180 beats/min or more)
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) - episodes that begin and end abruptly and during which there are rapid and regular heartbeats originating in the atrium or in the AV node
Ventricular fibrillation (v-fib) - rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia (v-tach) - very rapid heartbeat beginning within the ventricles
blood vessel abnormalities - general
vasculitis - inflammation of blood vessel
polyarteritis - a form of vasculities involving several medium and small arteries - inflammation; it is rare but serious and it occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries
temporal arteritis - giant cell arteritis; a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain and other symptoms; diagnosed when biopsy shows abnormally large cells; can cause unilateral or bilateral blindness and more rarely, a stroke
angiostenosis - abnormal narrowing of blood vessel
hemangioma - a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessel
hypoperfusion - a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part; perfusion is the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
blood vessel abnormalities - arteries
aneurysm - localized weak spot or ballon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery; rupture can be fatal because of rapid blood loss
arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
arteriostenosis - abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
blood vessel abnormalities - veins
chronic venous insufficiency (venous insufficiency) - venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
phlebitis - inflammation of vein; also known as thrombophlebitis because the walls of the veins are often infiltrated and a clot (thrombus) formed
varicose veins - abnormally swollen veins occurring in the superficial veins of legs
thromboses
thrombosis - abnormal condition of having a thrombus
thrombus - a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
thrombotic occlusion - blockage of an artery by a thrombus
coronary thrombosis - damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein; common in the legs of a bedridden patient or someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car; thrombus can break loose and travel to a long where it can cause a blockage
embolism
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus (embol - something inserted) e.g air embolism or fat embolism or pulmonary embolism
embolus - foreign object such as blood clot, a quantity of air or gas or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood
peripheral vascular diseases
disorder of blood vessels located outside of the heart and brain involving narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys
peripheral arterial occlusive disease (peripheral artery disease) - caused by atherosclerosis
Raynaud’s disease - a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress; symptoms which are due to constricted circulation include pallor, cyanosis and redness of fingers and toes
blood disorders
blood dyscrasia - any pathologic condition of cellular elements of the blood (dys - bad; -crasia - mixture or blending)
hemochromatosis (iron overload disease) - a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron; excess iron absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs where it causes damage
leukopenia - decrease in the number of disease-fighting WBCs circulating in the blood; also known as low WBC count; places the patient at risk of having difficulties fighting infections
polycythemia - an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
septicemia - associated with severe infections caused by bacteria in the blood
thrombocytopenia - abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood and is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding as the blood is unable to clot
thromocytosis - abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
hemorrhage - loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
transfusion reaction - serious and potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs due to mismatch
cholesterol
a fatty substance that travels through the blood; aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, vit D.
hyperlipidemia - elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
leukemia
myelodysplastic syndrome - a group of bone marrow disorders characterized by insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
leukemia - a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in the blood-forming tissues, other organs and the circulating blood
anemias
anemia - lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes; measured by decrease amount of hemoglobin in the blood
aplastic anemia - absence of all formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow (a - without; plast - growth)
hemolytic anemia - inadequate number circulating RBCs due to premature destruction of RBCs by the spleen (hemolytic - breaking down of rbcs)
iron-deficiency anemia - most common form of anemia
megaloblastic anemia - disorder in which RBCs are larger than normal; caused by a deficiency of folic acid or vit B12
pernicious anemia - caused by lack of protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12
sickle cell anemia - a genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin resulting in some RBCs assuming sickle shape
thalassemia - an inherited blood disorder; causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer RBCs than normal; Cooley’s anemia is sometimes used for any type that requires treatment with regular blood transfusion
hypertension
high blood pressure;
essential hypertension, primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension - consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
secondary hypertension - caused by a different medical problem such as kidney disorder or tumor on the adrenal glands; when the other condition is cured, secondary hypertension is resolved
malignant hypertension - very high blood pressure; usually accompanied by damage to organs, the brain, optic nerves or failure of the heart and kidneys
hypotension
lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure; symptoms include dizziness, light-headedness or fainting orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension) - low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up (orthostatic means relating to an upright or standing position)
angiography
a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium; the resulting film is an angigram
cardiac catheterization
a diagnostic procedure; a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart; a contrast medium is introduced to produce an angiogram to determine how well the heart is working
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
combination of computerized components with angiography to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the images
duplex ultrasound
a diagnostic procedure; structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through the vessels; combination of diagnostic ultrasound to show the movement of RBCs through the vessels
phlebography (venography)
a radiographic test providing an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected; resulting film is a phlebogram; accurate test for detecting deep vein thrombosis
electrocardiography
noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium;
electrocardiogram is a record of the electrical activity;;
holter monitor - portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48-hr period;
stress test - performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress;
thallium stress test - performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream
compliance
accuracy and consistency with which the physician’s instructions are followed by patient
antihypertensives
ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme) - blocks the action of the enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension; angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have a similar action and effect.
beta blocker - reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat; used to relieve angina, lower blood pressure or treat heart failure
calcium channel blocker agents - cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells
diuretic - used to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water; used to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood
antiarrhythmic
medication to control irregularities of heartbeats
anticoagulant
medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
cholesterol-lowering drugs (eg statins)
used to treat hyperlipidemia; they reduce undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
coumadin
brand name for warfarin; an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger; medication is used by patients with clotting difficulties, certain types of heartbeat irregularities or after a heart attack or heart valve replacement surgery
digitalis (digoxin)
medication that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle; slows heart rates and eliminate fluid from body tissues; used to treat heart failure or certain types of arrhythmias
thrombolytic
clot-busting drug; dissolves or breaks up a thrombus
tissue plasminogen activator
a thrombolytic administered to patients with heart attack or stroke and if administered few hours after symptoms begin, it can dissolve the damaging clots
vasoconstrictor
causes blood vessels to narrow; examples include antihistamines and decongestants
vasodilator
causes blood vessels to expand
nitroglycerin
a vasodilator used to prevent or relieve angina by dilating blood vessels to the heart; can be sublingually administered or transdermally orally as spray
angioplasty
technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
also known as a ballon angioplasty; procedure in which a small ballon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
laser angioplasty
involves a laser on the end of a catheter, used to remove the plaque deposit; can be used separately or in conjunction with PTCA
stent
a wire-mesh tube used after the artery has been opened. this provides support for the arterial wall and keeps the plaque from expanding again
restenosis
a condition when an artery previously opened by angioplasty closes again
atherectomy
surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of an artery. a stent may be inserted after the atherectomy to prevent the artery from blocking again
carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
coronary artery bypass graft (bypass surgery)
a surgery in which a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery;
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass ( keyhole bypass or a buttonhole bypass) - an alternative technique performed with the aid of a fiberoptic camera through small openings between the ribs
defibrillation (cardioversion)
use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm. electrical shock provided by defibrillator
automated external defibrillator (AED) - designed to be used by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
artificial pacemaker
primarily used as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation; the electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeats
automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
a double-action pacemaker
- constantly regulates the heartbeat to ensure the heart does not beat too slowly
- it acts as an automatic defibrillator if a dangerous disruption of the heart’s rhythm occurs.
valvoplasty (valvuloplasty)
surgical repair or replacement of heart valve
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression; compression-only resuscitation can be effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional help arrives; recommended fro children, drowning victims and drug overdoses
aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy (aneurysmoplasty)
surgical suturing of an aneurysm
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of an artery
hemostasis
means to stop or control bleeding
plasmapheresis (plasma exchange)
removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements
endocardium
consists of epithelial tissue; is the inner lining of the heart; this is the surface that is in direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart.
Blood supply to the myocardium
myocardium beats continuously and must have continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients and prompt waste removal to survive. if blood supply to the myocardium is disrupted, the myocardium of the affected area dies.
