Chapter 10 Flashcards
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
cerebr/o, encephal/o
brain, cerebrum
neur/i, neur/o
nerves, nerve tissue
caus/o
burning, burn
concuss/o
shaken together, violently agitated
contus/o
bruise
-esthesia
sensation, feeling
esthet/o
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
mening/o
membranes, meninges
phobia
abnormal fear
psych/o
mind
radicul/o
root or nerve root
tropic
having an affinity for
central nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord; functions are to receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves; the function of PNS is to transmit nerve signals to and from the CNS
ganglion
a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS. the term also describes a benign, tumor-like cyst
plexus
a network of intersecting spinal nerves; the term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels
terminal end fibers
branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulses from the axon to the synapse
acetylcholine
influences muscle action; is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions
dopamine
released within the brain; believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease
endorphins
naturally occurring substances produced by the brain to help relieve pain
norepinephrine
affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, releasing stores of glucose in response to stress; a hormone released by the adrenal gland as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response
serotonin
released by brain; has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition; has been linked to mood disorders
glial cells
provide support and protection for neurons; main functions are
1. surround neurons and hold them in place; 2. supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons; 3. insulate one neuron from another; 4. destroy and remove dead neurons
myelin sheath
protective covering made up glial cells; white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves; portion of of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as the gray matter
the meninges
system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord; there are 3 layers of connective tissues; dura (hard) mater, arachnoid membrane and pia (tender or delicate) mater;
dura mater - lining of inner surface of the cranium; the space between the walls of vertebral column and dura mater = epidural space; in both skull and vertebral column, the space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane = subdural space
arachnoid membrane - second layer of the meninges; the space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater = subarachnoid space
pia mater - located nearest to the brain and spinal cord; richly supplied with blood vessels
cerebrospinal fluid
spinal fluid; produced by special capillaries within the 4 ventricles in the middle of cerebrum; a clear, colorless and watery fluid whose functions are; cool and cushion the brain and SC from shock or injury; nourish them with nutrients and chemical messengers
cerebrum
largest and uppermost portion of brain; responsible for all thought, judgement, memory and emotion as well as controlling and integrating motor and sensory function
cerebral cortex - made up of gray matter is the outer layer of cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds (gyri/gyrus) and deep fissures (sulci)
cerebral hemisphere
cerebrum - divided to create 2 hemisphere connected by corpus callosum
left cerebral hemisphere - controls majority of functions on the right side of the body;
right cerebral hemisphere - controls most of the functions of the left side of body
the crossing of nerves fibers make this possible and the crossing is in the brainstem
thalamus
located below the cerebrum; relays sensory stimuli from SC and midbrain to the cerebral cortex; it suppresses some stimuli and magnifies others
hypothalamus
located below thalamus; controls vital bodily functions which include;
ANS including controlling heart rate, bp, respiratory rate and digestive tract activity; emotional responses such as fear and pleasure; regulates body temperature; food intake by controlling hunger sensation; water balance by controlling thirst sensations; sleep-wakefulness cycles; pituitary gland and endocrine system activity
cerebellum
located lower back of cranium below the cerebrum; coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements
brainstem
located in the base of the brain connecting the brain and SC and consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata; controls functions necessary for survival such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, bp and for arousal - being awake and alert
cerebral lobes
frontal lobe - controls skilled motor functions, memory and behaviour
parietal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin and muscles
occipital lobe
control eyesight
temporal lobe
controls senses of hearing, smell and the ability to create, store and access new information
midbrain and pons
a link to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain; controls reflexes for movements of eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
medulla oblongata
located at the lowest part of brainstem connected to SC; controls functions necessary for survival including muscles responsible for respiration, heart rate, bp as well as reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting
PNS
autonomic nerve fibers - carry instructions to the organs and glands from ANS
sensory nerve fibers - receive external stimuli, such as how something feels and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted
somatic nerve fibers
also known as motor nerve fibres - convey information that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements.
