Chapter 2 Flashcards
Physiology
study of the functions of structure of body
Anatomy
study of structure of body
Anatomical position
Describes body standing in standard positions which include: Standing up straight with body erect and facing forward; holding arms at the sides and palms facing toward the front.
Sagittal plane
vertical plane dividing body into unequal left and right portions
midsagittal plane
midline; vertical plane dividing body into equal left and right halves
frontal plane
vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior portions; Coronal plane; at right angles to sagittal plane
transverse plane
horizontal plane dividing body into superior and inferior portions
ventral
front or belly side of organ or body. ventr - belly side. Opposite of dorsal
dorsal
back of organ or body. opposite of ventral
ventral cavity
contains organs that sustains homeostasis
hypochondriac regions
hypo - below; chondr/l - cartilage. hypochondriac means below the ribs. there are left and right hypochondriac regions
epigastric region
located above stomach; in between the hypochondriac regions.
lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of spine between the ribs and the pelvis
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus - belly button or navel; between the lumbar regions
iliac regions
located over the hip bones
hypogastric reigion
located below the stomach in between the iliac regions.
Quadrants of the abdomen
RUQ - right upper quadrant
LUQ - left upper quadrant
RLQ - right lower quadrant
LLQ - left lower quadrant
peritoneum
multilayered membrane protecting and holding the organs in place with the abdominal cavity. parietal peritoneum - outer layer of the peritoneum lining interior of abdominal wall - Parietal means cavity wall; mesentery - fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum attaching parts of intestine to the interior abdominal wall; visceral peritoneum - inner layer of peritoneum surrounding the organs of the abdominal cavity. Visceral - relating to internal organs.
cytology
study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell. cyt - cell. Cytologist is a specialist in the study and analysis of cells.
Stem cells
unspecialized cells able to renew themselves
Adult stem cells
somatic stem cells - undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells. They have various therapeutic uses that include; being transplanted from one individual to another. for this purpose, cells are harvested from hemopoietic tissue of donor. There has to be excellent match or else there will be rejection - graft-versus-host disease.
Genetic disorders
hereditary disorder
Chromosome (CH, chr)
Cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder present at birth affecting the respiratory and digestive systems
Down syndrome
a genetic variation associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disability and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
huntington’s disease (HD)
a genetic disorder - hereditary; 50-50 chance of inheriting the defective gene; causes nerve degeneration with symptoms often appearing in midlife; results in uncontrolled movements and loss of mental abilities.
muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a genetic disorder - essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing - PKU. Can be detected by a blood test performed at birth; can live normal lives with careful dietary supervision; without early detection and treatment, PKU causes severe mental retardation.
tay-sachs disease
fatal genetic disorder - harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain. For a child to be affected, both parents must carry the mutated gene. development in the affected child seems normal at first then development slows accompanied with deterioration of mental and physical abilities resulting in blindness, paralysis and early death.
histology
study of structure, composition and function of tissues. histologist - a specialist in study of the organization of tissues at all levels. the four main types of tissue are: epithelial; connective; muscle and nerve tissues.
epithelial tissues
protective covering for all internal and external surfaces of body and form glands. epithelium - specialized and form the epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes; endothelium - specialized and form the lining the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs.
Connective tissue
support and connect organs and other tissues of body.
Dense - bone and cartilage; form joints and framework of body
adipose - fat; protective padding, insulation and support
loose - surrounds organs and support nerve cells and blood vessels
liquid - blood and lymph - transportation of nutrients and waste
aplasia
incomplete tissue formation; defective development or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue. a - without; -plasia - formation.
hypoplasia
incomplete development of organ due to a deficiency in the number of cells. hypo - deficient; -plasia - development
anaplasia
ana - backward; -plasia - formation
change in structure of cells and their orientation to each other; characteristic of tumor formation in cancer
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs
hyperplasia
enlargement of organ or tissue due to abnormal increase in number of cells in the tissue
hypertrophy
general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to increase the size, but not in number, of the cells in the tissue. enlargement not due to tumor formation.
gland
group of specialized epithelial cells capable of producing secretions. There are two types of glands;
- exocrine
- endocrine
exocrine
secretes into ducts leading to other organs or out of body. example - sweat glands
exo - means out of
-crine - secrete
endocrine gland
produce hormones; do not have ducts; hormones secreted directly into bloodstream transported to organs and structures in body.
adenitis
inflammation of a gland (aden - gland)
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor originating in glandular tissue.
aden/o - gland
carcin - cancerous
-oma - tumour
malignant - harmful, capable of spreading
adenoma
benign tumour arising in or resembles glandular tissue
benign - not life threatening
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of gland. opposite of adenosclerosis
adenosis
any disease or condition of the gland
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland. opposite of adenomalacia
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
pathology; pathologist
study of disease and also a condition produced by disease
pathologist - specialize in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
etiology
study of the causes of diseases
pathogen
disease-producing microorganism such as virus.
Transmission - spread of disease
Contamination - a pathogen is possibly present; occurs through lack of proper hygiene
communicable disease (CD)
a contagious disease - any condition transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects.
communicable - capable of being transmitted
indirect contact transmission
situation where a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood. example HIV, hepatitis B and most STDs
airborne transmission
contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze. example - tuberculosis, flu, colds and measles
food-borne and waterborne transmission
also known as fecal-oral transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogen involved.
vector-borne transmission
spread of certain disease through the bite of a vector.
vector can be insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats and dogs
epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group.
epi - above
dem/l -population
endemic
ongoing presence of disease with a population, group or area.
en - within
common cold is endemic because it is always present within the general population.
epidemic (epid)
sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
example - sudden widespread outbreak of measles is an epidemic
pandemic
outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area - worldwide. example - AIDS
functional disorder
symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be found
iatrogenic illness
unfavourable response to prescribed medical treatment.
example - severe burn due to radiation therapy
idiopathic disorder
illness without known cause
nosocomial infection
disease acquired at the hospital or clinical setting
example - MRSA
organic disorder
symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body.
example - chickenpox
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. could be caused by development disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth or injuries during birth process.
development disorder
birth defect resulting in an anomaly or malformation such as absence of a limb or presence of an extra toe.
atresia
congenital absence of a normal body opening or failure of a structure to be tubular.
example - anal atresia - a congenital absence of opening at the bottom end of the anus
prenatal influences
mother’s health, behaviour and prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery
premature birth
birth occurring earlier than 37 weeks causing serious health problems because the baby’s body system hasn’t had time to form completely.
birth injuries
congenital disorders not present before event surrounding the time of birth. example - cerebral palsy - the result of brain damage - can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen supply to the brain during the birth process.
geriatrics; gerontology
geriatrics - study of medical problems and care of elderly. it is also known as gerontology
general practitioner (GP)
family practice physician providing ongoing care for patients of all ages
internist
physician specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
pediatrician
physician specializing in diagnosing, treating and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children; Pediatrics
geriatrician; gerontologist
specializing in care of older people
hospitalist
focuses on general medical care of hospitalized patients
