Chapter 5 Flashcards
Conformance to specifications
How well a product or service meets the targets and tolerances determined by its designers.
Fitness for use
A definition of quality that evaluates how well the product performs for its intended use.
Value for price paid
Quality defined in terms of product or service usefulness for the price paid.
Support services
Quality defined in terms of the support provided after the product or service is purchased.
Psychological criteria
A way of defining quality that focuses on judgmental evaluations of what constitutes product or service excellence.
Prevention costs
Costs incurred in the process of preventing poor quality from occurring.
Appraisal costs
Costs incurred in the process of uncovering defects
Internal failure costs
Costs associated with discovering poor product quality before the product reaches the customer.
External failure costs
Costs associated with quality problems that occur at the customer site.
Total quality management (TQM)
Philosophy that seeks to improve quality by eliminating causes of product defects and by making quality the responsibility of
everyone in the organization.
Robust design
A design that results in a product that can perform over a wide range of conditions.
Taguchi loss function
Costs of quality increase as a quadratic function as conformance values move away from the target.
Continuous improvement
A philosophy of never-ending improvement.
Kaizen
A Japanese term that describes the notion of a company continually striving to be better through learning and problem solving.
Plan–do–study–act (PDSA) cycle
A diagram that describes the activities that need to be performed to incorporate continuous improvement into the operation
Benchmarking
The process of studying the practices of companies considered “best-in-class” and comparing your company’s performance against theirs.
Quality circle
A team of volunteer production employees and their supervisors who meet regularly to solve quality problems.
Cause-and-effect diagram
A chart that identifies potential causes of particular quality problems. Flowchart A schematic of the sequence of steps involved in an operation or process.
Checklist
A list of common defects and the number of observed occurrences of these defects.
Control charts
Charts used to evaluate whether a process is operating within set expectations.
Scatter diagrams
Graphs that show how two variables are related to each other.
Pareto analysis
A technique used to identify quality problems based on their degree of importance.
Histogram
A chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a variable.
Quality function deployment (QFD)
A tool used to translate the preferences of the customer into specific technical requirements.
Reliability
The probability that a product, service, or part will perform as intended.
Quality at the source
The belief that it is best to uncover the source of quality problems and eliminate it.
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
An award given annually to companies that demonstrate quality excellence and establish best practice standards in
industry.
Deming Prize
A Japanese award given to companies to recognize efforts in quality improvement.
