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Biological Anthropology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Linnaean classification

A

the system we use for organizing life-forms

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2
Q

Why do we study non-human primates?

A

Because humans are primates, we share a wide range of behavioral and morphological traits with the other species who also fall into this group.

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3
Q

How many different types of mammals exist?

A

three: monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals

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4
Q

Monotremes

A

A type of mammal. Most primitive of the three mammals, which means they’ve retained more ancient traits in comparison to other mammals. Monotremes, which include echidnas and duck-billed platypuses, lay eggs rather than give birth to live young.

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5
Q

Marsupials

A

Mammals that gestate for a very short period of time and give birth to relatively undeveloped young. Kangaroos and koalas.

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6
Q

How many orders are in the class mammalia?

A

20

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7
Q

Placental mammals

A

internally gestate for a longer period of time and give birth to fairly well-developed young who are then nursed. These include primates.
What primates are

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8
Q

Which mammalian order is the oldest?

A

Primates-91 million years old.

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9
Q

What characteristics do all mammals have in common?

A

having fur or hair, producing milk from mammary glands, and being warm-blooded

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10
Q

The order Primate contains what species?

A

lemurs and lorises, tarsiers, monkeys of the New and Old Worlds, apes, and humans, all of which are united in sharing a suite of anatomical, behavioral, and life history characteristics

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11
Q

How are traits used in evaluating species?

A

They are used in evaluating the relationship between species to see how they’re related to each other

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12
Q

Primitive Trait

A

A trait that a taxon (unit of animals) have inherited from a distant ancestor

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13
Q

Derived Trait

A

Traits that have been more recently altered

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14
Q

Genus Pan

A

Includes two species called the chimpanzee and the bonobo. Humans split from this group because of the derived adaption of walking upright.

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15
Q

Generalized Traits

A

Characteristics that are useful for a wide range of things

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16
Q

How do taxons work?

A

As taxons split off, the newer ones have more derived traits in comparison to the older ones which have more primitive traits from their ancestors.

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17
Q

Opposable Thumbs

A

Having thumbs that go in a different direction from the rest of the fingers, allows for grasping with hands and feet. Appeared 55 million years ago.

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18
Q

Specialized traits

A

Traits that have been modified for a specific purpose.

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19
Q

What does it mean that primitive and derived traits and derived traits are relative terms?

A

This means that depending on what taxa are being compared, a trait can be either one

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20
Q

Postorbital bar

A

A bony ring around the outside of the eye that protects the eye

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21
Q

Trichromatic vision

A

the ability to distinguish reds and yellows in addition to blues and greens
Red, green, and blue

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22
Q

Why might trichromatic vision have re-evolved?

A

Detecting food, leaves, predators, fruits, mate theory, etc. There is no one specific theory/reason why.

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23
Q

Evolutionary trade-offs

A

Energy spent on one trait means cutting back on energy spent on another. Ex: better vision=worse sense of smell. Better vision asks for more energy so worse smell is used to compensate for the larger amount of energy expounded.

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24
Q

Arboreal

A

Organisms that spend their time in trees

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25
Q

Pentadactyly

A

five digits/fingers on each limb

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26
Q

Terrestrial

A

Organism that lives on the ground

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27
Q

Tactile pads

A

allow organisms to have a fine sense of touch. Primates use this fine sense of touch for handling food and, in many species, grooming themselves and others.

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28
Q

How do nails help primates?

A

Helps us better manipulate objects instead of claws and hooves.

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29
Q

What do primates use grooming for?

A

Social bonds

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30
Q

Postorbital Plate/closure

A

protects the back of the eye socket. Primates that have more converging eyes have this feature.

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31
Q

Dichromatic vision

A

Most mammals (some primates) only see in blue and green. Some mammals have such vision which allows them to have better night vision.

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32
Q

What traits do all primates have in common?

A

Strong and convergent (overlapping) trichromatic vision. Size and complexity of our brains which includes better functions. Reduced snouts. Differs in hands and feet. Mostly living in trees. Long life spans. Strong social networks that don’t migrate and interactions with the same individuals. Live in the tropics.

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33
Q

Life history

A

The pace which an organism grows, reproduces, ages, and so forth.

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34
Q

What is the life history of primates?

A

They grow and develop more slowly, have fewer offspring per pregnancy, reproduce less often, and live longer. Also, they invest more in their offspring.

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35
Q

How does a primate’s brain structure differ from the brain structure of other animals? What theories might explain the size of the neocortex?

A

Primates have larger visual centers and different wiring in comparison to other mammals.The neocortex, which is used for higher functions like consciousness and language in humans, as well as sensory perception and spatial awareness, is also larger in primates relative to other animals. The brain has more folds increasing surface area. Helps primates with the process of finding fruits

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36
Q

What do scientists use to place primates into taxonomic groups?

A

dental characteristics, locomotor adaptations, and behavioral adaptations.

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37
Q

What can we learn from teeth and jaws?

A

teeth of any species have evolved to reflect what that organism eats and so tell us directly about their diet. Second, variation in tooth size, shape, and number tells us a lot about an organism’s evolutionary history. Furthermore, differences in teeth between males and females can tell us about competition over mates. Lastly, teeth preserve really well in the fossil record. Enamel is hard, and there is little meat on jaws so carnivores and scavengers often leave them behind. Because of this, very often we find a lot of fossil jaws and teeth, and so we need to be able to learn as much as we can from those pieces.

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38
Q

Homodont

A

One type of tooth

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39
Q

Heterodont

A

multiple types of teeth
that mammals use in different ways

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40
Q

Incisors

A

slicing

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41
Q

Premolars/molars

A

grinding food

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42
Q

Canines

A

most primates not humans) use as weapons against predators and each other.

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43
Q

Sexually
dimorphic

A

When a species exhibits sex differences in morphology, behavior, hormones, and/or coloration

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44
Q

Hone

A

sharpen the the sides of their canines by gnashing the teeth together

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45
Q

Diastema

A

Space between the teeth. As canines get larger, they require a space to fit in order for the jaws to close.

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46
Q

Dental formula

A

the number of each type of tooth an organism has. The dental formula tells you how many incisors, canines, premolars, and molars are in each quadrant of the mouth

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47
Q

Cusps

A

little bumps which in some species can be quite sharp) that you can feel with your tongue on the surface of your back teeth

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48
Q

What can teeth tell us about diet?

A

Primates are known to eat a wide range of plant parts, insects, gums, and, rarely, meat. While all primates eat a variety of foods, what differs among primates are the proportions of each of these food items in the diet.

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49
Q

Frugivores

A

organisms who have a fruit diet

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50
Q

Insectivores

A

organisms who have an insect diet

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51
Q

Folivores

A

organisms who have a leaf diet

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52
Q

Gummivores

A

organisms who have a gum and sap diet

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53
Q

Bunodont molars

A

broad chewing surface with low, rounded cusps

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54
Q

Why don’t frugivores often have specialized traits?

A

Fruits are easy to spot, full of easy-to-digest sugars that make them taste good—and, often, easy to chew and digest not being too fibrous or tough).

55
Q

What physical characteristics do frugivores have that enable them to live on this diet?

A

bunodont molars, large incisors for slicing through the outer coatings on fruit. Stomachs, colons, and small intestines that are intermediate in terms of size

56
Q

What physical characteristics do insectivores have?

A

small molars with pointed cusps that allow them to puncture the exoskeleton of the insects. Once the outer shells of the insects are punctured, insects are not difficult to digest, so insectivores have simple stomachs and colons and a long small intestine.

Nutritionally, insects provide a lot of protein and fat but are not plentiful enough in the environment to support large-bodied animals, so insectivores are usually the smallest of the primates.

57
Q

Why do primates that eat primarily leaves (foliovores) need many adaptations?

A

Plants do not want animals to eat their leaves. Leaves are the way plants get their energy from the sun, therefore, plants evolved to make their leaves very difficult for animals to eat. Leaves often have toxins in them, taste bitter, are very fibrous and difficult to chew, and are made of large cellulose molecules that are difficult to break down into usable sugars. Hence many adaptions are needed to consume leaves

58
Q

Shearing crests

A

Sharpened ridges that connect cusps on a bilophodont molar

59
Q

Foliovores have what specific adaptations?

A

Shearing crests, specialized digestive systems (large, long intestines and special gut bacteria that can break up cellulose), and the largest of all primates.

60
Q

Activity Patterns

A

Whether an organism is active during the day or nighttime

61
Q

Diurnal

A

Organisms that are active during the day.

62
Q

Nocturnal

A

Organisms that are active during the night.

63
Q

Cathemeral

A

Organisms that are active through the 24-hour period

64
Q

What types of social groups exist among primates?

A

solitary, others live in pairs, and still, others live in groups of varying sizes and compositions.

65
Q

Where do scientists see differences in primate behaviors?

A

In activity patterns, social grouping, and habitat use

66
Q

Locomotion

A

How primates move around

67
Q

Vertical clinging and leaping

A

an animal grasps a vertical branch with its body upright, pushes off with long hind legs and then lands on another vertical support branch. Animals who move in this way usually have longer legs than arms, long fingers and toes, and smaller bodies. Vertical clinger leapers also tend to have elongated ankle bones, which serve as a lever to help them push off with their legs and leap to another branch.

68
Q

Quadrupedalism

A

The most common form of locomotion. Walking on all fours. Arboreal quadrupeds usually have shorter arms and legs and longer tails, while terrestrial quadrupeds have longer arms and legs and, often, shorter tails.

These differences relate to the lower center of gravity needed by arboreal quadrupeds for balance in trees and the longer tail required for better balance when moving along the tops of branches. Terrestrial quadrupeds have longer limbs to help them cover more distances more efficiently.

69
Q

Brachiation

A

Swinging below branches by the hands. To be an efficient brachiator, a primate needs to have longer arms than legs, flexible shoulders and wrists, a short lower back, and no tail

70
Q

Semi-brachiation

A

They can swing below branches like brachiators; however, their arms and legs are about the same length, useful because they are quadrupedal when on the ground. They still have flexible shoulders. They also use long prehensile tails as a third limb when swinging.

71
Q

Prehensile tails

A

tail of an animal

72
Q

Bipedalism

A

walking on two feet

73
Q

What superfamily do humans belong to? And which species are our closest relatives?

A

Hominoidea. Chimpanzees and bonobos.

74
Q

Clade

A

a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, according to the principles of cladistics.

75
Q

How do scientists determine which species belong in a particular clade?

A

They’re determined by derived traits shared by groups of taxa as well as genetic similarities.

76
Q

African clade

A

A clade that includes humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas which means they all share a common ancestor.

77
Q

Asian clade

A

Orangutans are members of the Asian clade.

78
Q

Grades

A

It doesn’t explain if certain species share a common ancestor. Instead, it reflects the levels of adaptation and overall similarity.

79
Q

What’s the difference between grade vs clade grouping?

A

Grade grouping is determined based on similar appearance and lifestyle. Clade grouping is based on genetic similarities.

80
Q

Why do anthropologists prefer to use Clade classifications as opposed to grade?

A

Because we want to organize species by their evolutionary relationships rather than their physical appearance.

81
Q

Which two suborders exist in the Order Primates?

A

Suborder Strepsirrhini and Suborder Haplorrhini

82
Q

When did the two suborders split off?

A

70-80 million years ago

83
Q

What groups are in the strepsirrhines?

A

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos

84
Q

How do strepsirrhines differ from haplorrhines?

A

Haplorrhines have retained primitive traits from the last common ancestor of primates. Streps have two derived traits after they split off from happlorrhines

85
Q

Grooming Claw

A

it’s on the second digit of each foot

86
Q

Tooth/dental comb

A

there are six teeth in the toothcomb—the four incisors and the two canines

87
Q

What traits do strepsirrhines have?

A
  1. Longer snouts (better sense of smell)
  2. Wet noses
  3. Scent marking
  4. mobile ears
  5. worse visual senses
  6. eyes that reflect light which enhances the ability to see in low light conditions
  7. Solitary behavior
  8. noturnal
  9. arborreal
  10. diet of insects and fruit
  11. small in size
  12. great at leaping
  13. grooming claw (derived)
  14. dental comb (derived)
88
Q

Rhinariums

A

wet noses

89
Q

Scent marking

A

rubbing scent glands or urine on objects in the environment to communicate with others

90
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

a reflective layer at the back of the eye that reflects light and thereby enhances the ability to see in low-light conditions

91
Q

Where are strepsirrhines found?

A

in Asia, Africa, and on the island of
Madagascar

92
Q

Mouse lemurs

A

smallest of all primates

93
Q

Indris

A

largest of the lemurs

94
Q

aye-aye

A

most unique of the lemurs. Rodent-like front teeth that grow continuously and a long-bony middle finger that it uses to fish grubs out of wood. It has a very large brain compared to other strepsirrhines, which it fuels with a diet that includes bird’s eggs and other animal matter.

95
Q

Fork-marked lemur

A

metabolize the cyanide in bamboo

96
Q

What are significant differences in the environments of lorises, pottos and galagos compared to lemurs?

A

They share their environment with apes. South and Southeast Asia Central Africa

97
Q

South and Southeast Asia Central Africa

A
98
Q

Fovea

A

a depression in the retina at the back of the eye containing concentrations of cells that allow us to see things very close up in great detail

99
Q

Monomorphic

A

males and females are the same size

100
Q

Rhinarium

A

Rhinarium is the part of the nose that has a naked surface, meaning it has no fur but glabrous skin

101
Q

What groups can haplorrhine be divided into?

A

Tarsiiformes, which includes the tarsiers of Asia; Platyrrhini, which includes the New World monkeys of Central and South America; and Catarrhini, a group that includes the Old World monkeys and apes of Asia and Africa, as well as humans

102
Q

faunivorous

A

diet of animal matter

103
Q

Why do some people think tarsiers don’t belong in the haplorrhine group?

A

Because they have traits like strepsirrhines as well

104
Q

Why have they been left in the haplorrhine group?

A

Because they have more genetic material more in common than with the strepsirrhines

105
Q

playtrrhini primates characteristics

A

“Platy” means flat and “rhini” refers to noses and, indeed, New World monkeys have noses that are flat and wide, with nostrils that are far apart, facing outward, and usually round in shape
smaller and less sexually dimorphic than catarrhines
Aborreal
Less vision

106
Q

Polymorphic color vision

A

perceive many colors

107
Q

monochromatic

A

they cannot distinguish any colors

108
Q

What are some special characteristics of the catarrhine?

A

distinctive nose shape, with teardrop-shaped nostrils that are close together and point downward
On average, catarrhines are the largest and most sexually dimorphic group of primate
trichromatic

109
Q

Catarrhini divided into

A

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Superfamily Hominoidea

110
Q

bilophodont molars

A

“bi” meaning two, “loph” referring to ridge, and “dont” meaning tooth

111
Q

ischial callosities

A

the part of your pelvis that you are sitting on right now
These function as seat pads for cercopithecoids, who often sit above branches when feeding and resting

112
Q

natal coats

A

infants whose fur is a completely different color from their parents

113
Q

Ethnoprimatology

A

which involves studying the political, economic, symbolic, and practical relationships
between humans and non-human primates

In many of these regions today, the relationships between humans and non-human primates are complicated. The bushmeat and pet trades make these animals valuable at the expense of many animals’ lives, and in some areas, non-human primates have become pests who raid crop fields and consume valuable foods

114
Q

What advantage do Old World monkey’s teeth give them?

A

four cusps arranged in a square pattern and have two ridges connecting them. It is thought that this molar enabled Old World monkeys to eat a wide range of foods, thus allowing them to live in habitats that apes cannot.

115
Q

Why have Cercopithecoidea been able to become more diverse and numerous than hominoids?

A

this monkey group has increased in numbers and diversity. In part, their success over hominoids is due to the faster reproductive rates of cercopithecoids relative to hominoids
1-2 years

116
Q

Cercopithecoidea what two groups?

A

two groups, the leaf monkeys and the cheek-pouch monkeys

117
Q

leaf monkeys

A

majority of leaf monkey species live in Asia
folivores
babies with natal coats
odd noses

118
Q

cheek-pouch monkeys

A

rugivorous or omnivorous
Asia and Africa
pack food into their cheek pouches

119
Q

Y-5 molars

A

five cusps separated by a “Y”-shaped groove pattern

120
Q

olecranon process

A

improved extension in our arms

121
Q

styloid process

A

very flexible wrists

122
Q

Where can gibbons and siamangs be found?

A

Southeast Asian tropical forests

123
Q

Sagittal crests

A

believed to function as both additional attachment area for chewing muscles but also in sexual competition

124
Q

male bimaturism

A

Male orangutans are known to delay maturation until one of the more dominant, flanged males disappears

125
Q

Where do orangutans live and what is their primary diet?

A

These large red apes are found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. highly frugivorous but will supplement their diet with leaves and even bark when fruit is less available

126
Q

Knuckle-walking

A

the fingers are curled under and the weight is carried on the knuckles

127
Q

Where do Gorillas live and what do they eat?

A

Central Africa
folivorous, although they can be more frugivorous depending on fruit seasonality

128
Q

Pan trolodytes

A

the common chimpanzee

129
Q

Pan paniscus

A

the bonobo

130
Q

Genus Pan

A

two species: Pan troglodytes the common chimpanzee) and Pan paniscus the bonobo).

131
Q

Why are bonobos and chimpanzees separated?

A

Seperated by the Congo River

132
Q

If you were at a zoo, how could you tell the difference between a bonobo and a chimpanzee?

A

Bonobos are smaller. Their hair parted down the middle of their foreheads, and are born with dark faces

133
Q

Homology

A

looking at traits that are shared between two taxa because they inherited the trait from a common ancestor

134
Q

analogy

A

When two or more taxa exhibit similar traits that have evolved independently, the similar traits evolve due to similar selective pressures. Also sometimes called convergent evolution, parallel evolution, or homoplasy.)

Biological Anthropology (15 decks)

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