Chapter 11

Question 1

Ethnocentric

Question 2

Anthropomorphism

Question 3

What are stereotypes of “cavemen” that are likely not true?

Question 4

The last paragraph of the intro provides goals for this chapter. List them below.

Question 5

Glaciation

Question 6

Interglacials

Question 7

Foraminifera

Question 8

Sediment cores

Question 9

Ice cores

Question 10

What was significant about the Pleistocene epoch?

Question 11

Describe glaciation and its impact on oceans and air temperatures.

Question 12

How do scientists know whether the Earth was in a glacial or an interglacial period?

Question 13

Below, make a list of the ways glacial periods impact land, the seas, plants and animals.

Question 14

Below make a list of what happens during interglacial periods.

Question 15

Using the Olorgesailie region as an example, explain what happened to animals species. What kinds of animals became extinct and why? Which survived and why?

Question 16

What conclusions can we draw about humans from what we know about animals?

Question 17

Globular (from chart on page 6)
Retracted face (from chart on page 6)

Question 18

Nasal aperture

Question 19

Use the chart on page 6 as well as the description below it that compares Homo erectus, Archaic Homo sapiens and Modern Homo sapiens. Below, describe in general how these three groups differ from one another.

Question 20

Midfacial prognathism

Question 21

What do the authors mean when they say that there are regional differences in fossils of archaic Homo sapiens?
Provide an example.

Question 22

Why is it difficult to identify exactly when archaic Homo sapiens lived?

Question 23

How did Africa and Europe differ when it came to the end of archaic Homo sapiens and the beginning of modern Homo sapiens?

Question 24

Retromolar gap

Question 25

Occipital bun

Question 26

Infraorbital foramina

Question 27

Where and when did Neanderthals live?

Question 28

What was unique about the environment Neanderthals lived in compared to other hominin groups?

Question 29

Describe some of the unique physical features Neanderthals had and explain how those features likely benefitted them.

Question 30

What part of the brain was well-developed in Neanderthals compared to modern humans?

Question 31

Mousterian Tools

Question 32

Levallois technique

Question 33

Cortex

Question 34

Haft

Question 35

Flexed position

Question 36

Grave goods

Question 37

Ochre

Question 38

How were Mousterian tools notable different than Acheulan tools?

Question 39

How did Neanderthal use of those tools differ from how Homo erectus used tools?

Question 40

Describe how Neanderthals hunted and how meat was a significant part of their diet.

Question 41

What else did Neanderthals eat?

Question 42

What do injuries found on Neanderthal skulls tell us about their lives?

Question 43

What evidence do we have that Neanderthals cared for sick and/or disabled members of their group?

Question 44

What might Ochre and manganese reveal what about Neanderthal culture?

Question 45

Why is it possible for us to know more about Neanderthals than other hominin groups?

Question 46

What does genetic analysis reveal about Neanderthal appearance?

Question 47

What else do we know about Neanderthal behavior?

Question 48

What evidence is there that Neanderthals spoke?

Question 49

What specific differences are there between brains of Neanderthals and modern humans?

Question 50

How were children of Neanderthals and humans notably different?

Question 51

What does the fact that Neanderthal remains show evidence of “handedness” mean for Neanderthal development and intelligence?

Question 52

What is unique about African fossils (as they compare to Neanderthal fossils)?

Question 53

Describe what researchers know about tool use in Africa.

Question 54

What are some reasons that MSA culture may have been more complex than Neanderthal culture?

Question 55

Below, write a timeline that shows when Neanderthals lived, when modern humans left Africa and when Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record.

Question 56

What evidence is there that shows Neanderthals and moderns humans interbred?

Question 57

Sum up the major arguments given for the disappearance of Neanderthals.

Question 58

Denisovan

Question 59

Where and when did Denisovans live?

Question 60

What populations today have Denisovan DNA?

Question 61

What special adaptation did they pass on to modern humans?

Question 62

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

Question 63

Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis

Question 64

Assimilation Hypothesis

Question 65

Based on the introductory paragraph, what will you learn in this special Topics section?

Question 66

High-coverage sequences

Question 67

What did the 1997 gene sequencing of a Neanderthal-like specien show?

Question 68

Why is it significant that a genome be sequenced multiple times?

Question 69

Endogenous aDNA

Question 70

Exogenous DNA

Question 71

Deamintation

Question 72

5 prime end

Question 73

3 prime end

Question 74

High throughput sequencing

Question 75

What is involved in extracting aDNA?

Question 76

What are some of the challenges of working with aDNA?

Question 77

What impacts how well aDNA is preserved?

Question 78

What has high throughput sequencing allowed scientists to do?

Question 79

Haplotype

Question 80

How can scientists determine the ages of the specimens they find?

Question 81

What major conclusions did researchers come to about Denisovans?

Question 82

Coalescent

Question 83

Synonomous mutations

Question 84

Non-synonymous mutations

Question 85

Heterozygosity

Question 86

Alleles

Question 87

Homozygosity

Question 88

Use as many terms in the middle column that you can to explain how researchers know that Neanderthals and Denisovans had small population sizes at the end of their existence.

Question 89

Divergence time

Question 90

Recombination

Question 91

What modern populations have Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA?

Question 92

What did researchers learn when they studied divergence time between modern humans and Neanderthals?

Question 93

How do we know hybridization occurred in Africa?

Question 94

What did researchers learn from Ust’-Ishim?

Question 95

F1 Hybrid

Question 96

F2 Hybrid

Question 97

Backcrossed hybrid

Question 98

Oase 1

Question 99

Use the terms in the middle column to explain how researchers are able to determine if a specimen is a hybrid.

Question 100

Introgressed genes

Question 101

How much of a person’s DNA is likely Neanderthal if that person is not African?

Question 102

Where do modern populations have Denisovan DNA?

Question 103

The process of determining if DNA is introgressed is complicated, but pretend you are explaining this process to a 15 year old. What would you say?

Question 104

Introgression deserts

Question 105

Explain the concept of introgression deserts and what that might mean about relationships between modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans.

Question 106

Why might hybridization have been a barrier to gene flow?

Question 107

How did hybridization likely help modern humans as they moved into European and Asian environments?

Question 108

What traits may have come from Neanderthals?

Question 109

What are some rewards and challenges of studying DNA extracted from sediment?

Question 110

Describe Homo naledi’s physical features. Which were like modern humans and which were not?

Question 111

What was surprising about Homo naledi?

Question 112

What questions do the location of the bones raise?

Question 113

Liang Bua

Question 114

Flores

Question 115

Insular dwarfing

Question 116

What physical features did Homo floresiensis have?

Question 117

What was unique about them?

Question 118

What do we know about how they likely lived?