Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the four types of molecules that organisms are composed of?
Organisms are composed of cells, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
What are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids essential for?
They are essential for cell structure and function
Proteins
Strings of amino acids folded into complex 3D shapes
Lipids
They’re composed of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail.
When lipids are chained together, what do they form?
Chained together, they make complex molecules called fats and triglycerides
Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that are broken down to supply energy for an organism
Nucleic Acids
They carry genetic information about a living organism
What is DNA?
It has genetic information that programs and provides instructions on all of our cells. Molecule of life.
How many strands does a DNA have?
Two strands aka the double helix 🧬
What is DNA composed of?
It’s composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nucleotides
What is RNA?
It uses the instructions of DNA to chain amino acids together to make proteins
How many strands does RNA have?
One strand
What chemicals does an amino acid have?
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
Why do anthropologists care about DNA?
They can analyze sequences of DNA and determine how species are related or different from each other
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What are prokaryotes composed of?
They are composed of bacteria and archaea
What does a prokaryote look like?
It has no nucleus and has DNA floating around
What was the first to develop?
Prokaryote cell
Eukaryotic cell
They have DNA in the nucleus and are found in animal, plant, and animal cells.
Organelle
A structure within the cell that performs specialized tasks that are essential for the cell.
Do prokaryotic cells have organelles surrounded by individual membranes?
No, they don’t have specialized compartments that are separated like eukaryotic cells
Microbiome
The microbiome is the collection of all microbes (such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their genes) that naturally live on our bodies and inside us.
What is the purpose of the microbiome?
It helps with food digestion, boosting the immune system, and even making vitamins–all of these things help with human health.
Archaea
Archaea are a group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria
Until the 1970s, they were classified as bacteria.
Extremophile
An organism living in an extreme environment
What kind of environments do Archaea live in?
They live in extreme environments
Why are archaea not considered bacteria?
They’re not considered bacteria because their cell walls differ in structure from bacteria
Tissues
An aggregation of cells that are similar and designed to perform the same task (ex: an outermost layer designed to protect cells to prevent water loss). Different density of tissues exist (cartilage, brain 🧠 , and heart ❤️)
Fluid-structure located inside of a cell membrane that contains organelles
Cytoplasm (jelly-like structure)
Pores in the nuclear envelope that are selectively permeable
Nuclear pore (allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope)
Contains the cell’s DNA and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
Nucleus (control cell growth and multiplication. Contains DNA)
Resides inside the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal rRNA transcription, processing, and assembly
Nucleolus (factory of ribosomes)
Mitochondrion
Responsible for cellular respiration where energy is produced by converting nutrients into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Ribosome
Located in the cytoplasm and also the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Messenger RNA (mRNA) binds to ribosomes and proteins are synthesized.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continuous membrane with the nucleus that helps transport, synthesize, modify, and fold proteins. Rough ER has embedded ribosomes, whereas smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
Golgi Body
Layers of flattened sacs that receive and transmit messages from the ER to secrete and transport proteins with the cell.
Lysosome
Located in the cytoplasm and contains enzymes to degrade cellular components.
Microtubule
Involved with cellular movement including intracellular transport and cell division.
Centrioles
Assist with the organization of mitotic spindles which extend and contract for the purpose of cellular movement during mitosis and meiosis.
Adenosine Triphosphate
The form of energy that is produced by the mitochondrion
Mitochondrial DNA
The mitochondrion’s special DNA
Mutations
A copying error that results in a variation
Ancient DNA
DNA found in organic materials from hundreds or thousands years ago. Can be damaged due to exposure to the elements such as heat, acidity, and proteins
What do molecular anthropologists study?
human origins, dispersals, evolution, adaptation,
demography, health, disease, behavior, and animal domestication
Tsimshians
a First Nation community from
British Columbia
HLADQ-1
The Tsimshians had a change in this specific genetic region that is a member of the major histocompatibility complex
MHC) immune system molecules (they’re used for detecting and triggering an immune response against pathogens
Identify the major questions anthropologists hoped to answer by studying the DNA of Tsimshians.
To get insight into the Native American living populations
List the major conclusion the anthropologist came to regarding the Tsimshians.
a certain HLADQ-1 DNA sequence associated with ancient Tsimshian immunity was no longer adaptive
What did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and
Maclyn McCarty discover?
discovered an association between extracted nucleic acids and the success of their bacterial genetic experiments. Specifically, they demonstrated that DNA was the molecule responsible for the genetic transformation
of their pneumonia bacterial strains. DNA carries the hereditary info not proteins
Rosalind Franklin
provided the image
that clearly showed the double helix shape of DNA.
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins
Received a Nobel
Prize for developing a biochemical model of DNA
Base Pairs
The base pairs (nucleotide) hold the two DNA strands together
Histones
Protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
Chromatin
Its when DNA is wound tightly that creates a complex that resembles “beads on a string”
Chromosome
Chromatin that is further condensed
Euchromatin
loosely coiled (opposite of chromatin)
Which DNA nucleotides bond with which?
Adenine and Thymine A-T
Cytosine and Guanine C-G
centromeres
Centers of a chromosome
Telomeres
the ends of a chromosome
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which new DNA is copied from an original DNA template.
Cell Cycle
How a cell divides
antigen
proteins that coat the surface of red blood cells
