Chapter 5-1 Textbook

Question 1

What is the nerve that leads from the brain to the heart?

Answer 1

The vagus nerve

Question 2

What determines weather a molecule will be excitatory and inhibitory?

Answer 2

The ion channel and its associated receptor, not the molecule itself

Question 3

What is the chemical the accelerates the heart rate in mammals?

Answer 3

Norepinephrine

Question 4

What are Neurotransmitters?

Answer 4

Chemical messengers released by a neuron onto a target to cause an excitatory or inhibitory effect

Question 5

What is the pituitary gland under the control of?

Answer 5

The hypothalamus

Question 6

What does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 6

Releases hormones into the blood stream to excite or inhibit target such as the organs and glands in the autonomic and enteric nervous system

Question 7

What is the main difference neurotransmitters and hormones?

Answer 7

The distance they travel within the body before they encounter their receptors

Question 8

What is the confirmed number of transmitters?

Answer 8

60

Question 9

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

Answer 9

Neurotransmitter molecules

Question 10

What is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 10

The separation between the terminal and the dendrite

Question 11

How do Astrocytes contribute to chemical transmission?

Answer 11

• Supply the building blocks for neurotransmitter
• Confining the movement of neurotransmitters in the synapse
• Mops up excess neurotransmitter molecules

Question 12

What is the Tripartite synapse?

Answer 12

The functional integration of the presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and their association with surrounding astrocytes

Question 13

What are Storage granules?

Answer 13

Large compartments that hold several synaptic vesicles

Question 14

What is Anterograde synaptic transmission?

Answer 14

The five step process of transmitting information across a chemical synapse from the presynaptic side to the postsynaptic neuron

Question 15

Where are the small-molecule transmitters synthesized?

Answer 15

In the axon terminal from building blocks derived from food

Question 16

What are Transporters?

Answer 16

Protein molecules that move substances across cell membranes

Question 17

What are transporters responsible for?

Answer 17

Packaging some neurotransmitter classes into vesicles

Question 18

Where are Peptide transmitters synthesized?

Answer 18

In the cell body according to instruction in the neurons DNA or in the presynaptic terminal by ribosomes

Question 19

What are the main classes of transmitters?

Answer 19

• Small-molecule
• Peptide
• Lipid
• Gaseous
• Ion

Question 20

How can lipid transmitters no be packaged?

Answer 20

They can’t be packed or store in vesicles which are composed of lipids

Question 21

When are lipid transmitters synthesized?

Answer 21

On demand

Question 22

What are gaseous transmitters generated by?

Answer 22

Enzymes within the cell

Question 23

How are Gaseous membranes stored?

Answer 23

Since they are able to permeate the membrane they are not stored within the cell

Question 24

How are ion transmitters created?

Answer 24

They cannot be biologically created but are made in the hearts of dying stars

Question 25

How are ion transmitters packaged?

Answer 25

They are packaged and stored in vesicles along with other transmitter types

Question 26

What are the 3 places the vesicles containing neurotransmitters can be found?

Answer 26

• Housed in granules
• Attached to microfilaments
• Attached to the presynaptic membrane

Question 27

How does calcium affect vesicles?

Answer 27

The influx of calcium allows vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release the pie contents by exocytosis

Question 28

What are the 3 types of receptors on the Postsynaptic membrane?

Answer 28

Ionotropic receptos
Metabotropic receptors
Autoreceptors

Question 29

What are Ionotropic receptors associated with?

Answer 29

A pore that can open to allow ions through the membrane

Question 30

What two things can the pore created by the Ionotropic membranes do?

Answer 30

They may allows sodium to enter the neuron and depolarize the postsynaptic membrane and have an excitatory effect or they will allows potassium to leave the neuron and chlorine to enter the neuron to have a hyper polarizing affect

Question 31

What do Metabotropic receptors do?

Answer 31

Initiate intracellular messenger systems that may open an ion channel thus modulating excitation or inhibition

Question 32

What are Autoreceptors?

Answer 32

Presynaptic receptors that receive messages from their own axon terminals

Question 33

What do Autoreceptors serve a critical function in?

Answer 33

The negative feedback loop

Question 34

What two factors does the number of Quanta released from the presynaptic membrane depend on?

Answer 34

The amount of calcium that enters the axon terminal in response to the action potential and the number of vesicles docked to the membrane

Question 35

What are the 4 ways that inactivation of receptors is done?

Answer 35

Diffusion
Degradation
Reuptake
Astrocyte uptake

Question 36

What is an Electrical Synapse?

Answer 36

A gap or junction where two neurons intracellular fluids or cupytoplasm can some into direct contact

Question 37

When is a Gap junction formed?

Answer 37

When connexin protein in one cell membrane make a hemichannel that connects to a hemichannel in an adjacent cells membrane allowing ions to pass from one neuron to another in both directions

Question 38

Why aren’t Gap junctions universal?

Answer 38

Because they do not allow any plasticity and are built for speed and effective communication

Question 39

Where are excitatory synapses usually?

Answer 39

On the shafts or spines of dendrite

Question 40

Where are inhibitory synapses usually?

Answer 40

On the cell body