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Psyco > Chapter 2-2 & 2-3 Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 2-2 & 2-3 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

How does the nervous system begin and what does it turn into in vertebrate embryo?

A

A sheet of cells that fold into a hollow tube and develops into 3 regions, the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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2
Q

In mammalian embryos what does the Prosencephalon develop further into?

A

The diencephalon and the cerebral hemispheres and cortical areas, or telencephalon (end brain)

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3
Q

What does the mammalian hindbrain further develop into?

A

Metencephalon which includes the cerebellum

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4
Q

What are the three major CNS components?

A

Spinal chord, Brainstem and Forebrain

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5
Q

Where does the Brainstem begin?

A

Where the spinal cord enters the skull and extends upwards into the lower areas of the forebrain

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6
Q

What does the Brainstem do?

A

Receives afferent signals coming in from all the body’s senses and it sends efferent signals out to the spinal cord to control all the body’s movements except the most complex movements of fingers and toes

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7
Q

What can the Brainstem be divided into?

A

The hindbrain, midbrain and dienceohalon

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8
Q

What is the Hindbrain important for?

A

Motor function

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9
Q

What is the midbrain important for?

A

Sensory functions

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10
Q

What is the Diencephalon important for?

A

Integrative, sensorimotor tasks

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11
Q

What does the Hindbrain control?

A

Motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to fine movements such as those used in dancing

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12
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of the Hindbrain?

A

The cerebellum

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13
Q

How does the size of the Cerebellum increase?

A

With physical speed and dexterity of a species

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14
Q

What are the 3 sub parts of the hindbrain?

A

The reticular formation, the pons and the medulla

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15
Q

What is the Reticular Formation made of?

A

A netlike mixture of Neurons (grey matter) and nerve fibers (white matter)

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16
Q

What does the Poms do?

A

The nuclei in the pons receive inputs from the cerebellum and form a bridge from it to the rest of the brain

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17
Q

What does the Medulla do?

A

Regulate vital functions such as breathing and the cardiovascular system

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18
Q

What are the components of the Midbrain?

A

The Tectum and the Tegmentum

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19
Q

What does the Tectum do?

A

Receives a massive amount of sensory information from the eyes and ears

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20
Q

How does the Tectum receive massive amounts of sensory information from the eyes and ears?

A

The optic nerve sends a large bundle of fibers to the superior colliculus whereas the inferior colliculus receives much of its input from auditory pathways

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21
Q

What are the parts of the Tectum?

A

The Superior colliculus and the Inferior colliculus

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22
Q

What is another function if the Colliculi?

A

Produce orienting movements related to sensory inputs like turning your head to see a sounds source

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23
Q

What lies ventral to Tectum?

A

The Tegmentum

24
Q

What are the majority of the Tegmentum’s functions?

A

Movement related functions

25
Q

What are the parts of the Tegmentum?

A

Red Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

26
Q

What does the Red Nucleus do?

A

Controls limb movements

27
Q

What does the Substantia Nigra do?

A

Connects to the forebrain, a connection important for initiating movements

28
Q

What is the Periaqueductal Gray Matter made of?

A

Cell bodies that surround the aqueduct joining the third and fourth ventricles

29
Q

What does Periaqueductal Gray Matter do?

A

Contains circuits that control species-typical behaviours and play an important role in how opioid drugs can modulate pain

30
Q

What does the Diencephalon do?

A

Integrate sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

31
Q

What are the two principal structures of the Diencephalon?

A

The Hypothalamus and the Thalamus

32
Q

What is the Critical function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Control the body’s production of hormones via interactions with the pituitary gland

33
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

It is the organizer and integrator of sensory information travelling to the cerebral cortex from all sensory systems

34
Q

How does the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus work?

A

The optic tract sends information through a large fiber to this region in the Thalamus which processes some of the Information before sending it to the occipital lobe

35
Q

What do the Basal Ganglia control?

A

Voluntary movement and cognitive functioning

36
Q

What does the Allocortex do?

A

Controls motivational and emotional states as well as certain forms of memory

37
Q

What is the function of the Neocortex?

A

Construct a perceptual world and respond to the world

38
Q

What is the Allocortex composed of?

A

Hippocampus
Part of the Amygdala
Cingulate Cortex
Structures that make up the olfactory system

39
Q

What does the hippocampus look like?

A

A seahorse

40
Q

What is the Hippocampus involved in?

A

Consolidation

41
Q

What is Cosolodation?

A

The process whereby short-term memories are solidified into long-term memories

42
Q

What does the Amygdala play a role in?

A

Anxiety and fear

43
Q

Where is the Cingulate cortex?

A

Above the corpus callosum, close to the midline

44
Q

What is the Cingulate cortex important for?

A

Emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, it is highly influential in linking behavior outcomes to motivation

45
Q

What are the Olfactory bulbs responsible for?

A

Detecting odors and providing input to other brain areas responsible for perception of smell

46
Q

Why is the Olfactory bulb unique?

A

It is almost an entirely a forebrain structure

47
Q

What is the les direct route of olfactory input?

A

Sends it input to a specialized region, the pyriform cortex (part of the allocortex) on the brains ventral surface then goes to the amygdala and then the dorsomedial thalamus which routes to the frontal cortex

48
Q

What kind of neurons does the Vomeronasal organ contain?

A

Neurons that detect pheromones

49
Q

What are Pheromones?

A

Molecules that carry information between individuals of the same species

50
Q

What is special about the Neocortex?

A

It connects to virtually all other parts of the brain

51
Q

What do individuals with frontal lobe injuries have difficulty with?

A

Organizing and evaluating their ongoing behavior and planning for the future

52
Q

What do individuals with parietal lobe injuries have difficulty with?

A

Difficulty locating and identifying stimulation on the skin

53
Q

What are Basal Ganglia?

A

A collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex

54
Q

What are the 3 principal structures of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

55
Q

What are two disorders of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome

Psyco (12 decks)

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