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Psyco > Chapter 1-1 Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 1-1 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristics can be attributed to the brain?

A

A physical object, a living tissue, a body organ

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2
Q

What attributes can be given to behavior?

A

Momentarily observable but fleeting

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3
Q

How are Brain and Behavior linked?

A

They evolved together: one is responsible for the other, which is responsible for the other and so on

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4
Q

What are the 3 Reasons for linking the study of brain to the study of behavior?

A

1) How the brain prices behavior is a major scientific question
2) The brain is the most complex organ on earth and is found in many groups of animals
3) a growing list of behavioral disorders ca. Be explained and treated as we increase understanding of the brain

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5
Q

Why is how the brain produces behavior a major scientific question?

A

Scientists study the brain to understand humanity. A better understanding of the brain will allow improvements in many aspects of our world, including educational systems, economic systems and social systems

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6
Q

Further explain why understanding how the brain is the most complex organ on earth is important?

A

Students of the brain want to understand its place in the biological order of our planet. This chapter describes the basic function and evolution of the brain especially the human brain

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7
Q

What is the origin of the word Brain?

A

It is the Anglo-Saxon word for the tissue found within the skull and it describes a part of the human nervous system

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8
Q

What are about half of the brain cells called?

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Why are Neurons specialized?

A

Neurons are specialized cells in that they interconnect with each other and with the muscles and organs of the body with fibers that extend over long distances

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10
Q

What are the other half of brain cells known as?

A

Glial Cells

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11
Q

What do Glial cells do?

A

Support the function of neurons

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12
Q

What do Neurons do?

A

Through interconnections, the neurons send electrical and chemical signals to communicate with one another, with sensory organs in the skin, with muscles, and with internal body organs

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13
Q

What are most of the interconnections between the brain and body made through?

A

The spinal cord

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14
Q

How does the spinal cord work?

A

Sends nerve fibers out to our muscles and internal body organs and receives fibers from sensory receptors on many parts of our body

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15
Q

What is the Brain encased by?

A

The brain is encased by the skull

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16
Q

What is the the spinal chord encased by?

A

The vertebrae

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17
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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18
Q

What is the central nervous system encased by?

A

Bone

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19
Q

Why is the Central Nervous System called the Central?

A

Because both the nervous systems physical core and the core structure mediating behavior

20
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All the processes that radiate out beyond the brain and spinal cord

21
Q

What are the two major structures of the brain?

A

The Cerebrum (Forebrain) and the Cerebellum

22
Q

What is the Cerebrum divided into?

A

Two nearly symmetrical halves called hemispheres

23
Q

What is the Cerebrum responsible for?

A

Most of our conscious behaviors

24
Q

What does the Cerebrum enfold?

A

The Brainstem

25
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A

A set of structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors

26
Q

What is the Cerebellum specialized for?

A

Learning and coordinating our movements

27
Q

What does the conjoint evolution of the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum show?

A

It shows that is assists the cerebrum in generating many behaviors

28
Q

Where does the spinal chord emerge from?

A

The base of the Brainstem

29
Q

What does the Embodied Behavior argument propose?

A

The movements we make and the movement we perceive in others are central to our behavior. Meaning that we understand on another not only by listening to words but by observing gestures and body language

30
Q

What does the Embodied Behavior argument suggest about the brain and body being split from one another?

A

It says that the brain is an intelligent entity and cannot be divorced from the body’s activities

31
Q

What was Edmond Jacobsons research?

A

He wanted to know what would happen if muscles completely stopped moving. He trained people to relax completely and asked them their experience and they reported a feeling of emptiness

32
Q

What was Woodburn Heron’s experiments?

A

He did experiments of sensory deprivation by making volunteers lie on a bed, bare in a soundproof room completely still, and had padded tubes covering their arms with translucent goggles. They described it as extremely unpleasant because of social isolation and losing their focus

33
Q

What is Locked-In syndrome?

A

A condition where the brain is intact, functioning, and sensitive to the external world but with its nerve fiber pathways that produce movement inactivated

34
Q

What does the Locked-In syndrome story show?

A

Consciousness can persist in the absence of most overt movement

35
Q

What was the experiment with Deep Brain Stimulation?

A

A man in a minimally conscious state was experimented on with deep brain stimulation which is a small electrical current for 12 hours a day on his Brainstem. After treatment there was dramatic improvement in the patients ability.

36
Q

What was the result of the Deep Brain Stimulation experiment?

A

When wakefulness is improved, so is behavior

37
Q

What was the study with Adrian Owen?

A

He suggested that some people in a persistent vegetative state are still alive and show signs of wakefulness but just call communicate or show signed of it. So he used MRI to measure the oxygen use in the brain when asked to imagine a specific activity.

38
Q

What were the results of the consciousness study with Adrian Owen?

A

It showed that some people are conscious despite not being able to show that they are

39
Q

What do the Deep Brain Stimulation and MRI study demonstrate?

A

These study’s reveal that the brain can be conscious even in the absence of overt behavior and that in the absence of overt behavior the brain can communicate through signals generated by its activity

40
Q

What is the definition of behavior in Eibl-Eibesfeldt’s textbook: Ethology?

A

Behavior consists of of patterns in time

41
Q

What are the Patterns in Time that Eibl is referring to?

A

Movements, vocalizations, or changed in appearance such as facial movements such as facial movements like smiling

42
Q

How do animals produce behavior even with no experience?

A

Behavior can be inherited

43
Q

How are animals able to perform a behavior with little to no experience?

A

The brains come equipped with the requisite organization to produce these behaviors

44
Q

What do learned behaviors depend on?

A

The brains Plasticity

45
Q

What is Plasticity?

A

The brains ability to change in response to a learning experience

46
Q

What do the behaviors of animals with smaller, simpler nervous systems depend on?

A

Hereditary

47
Q

What do the behaviors of organisms with complex nervous systems depend on?

A

Learning

Psyco (12 decks)

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