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Psyco > Chapter 2-1 Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 2-1 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What is Agenesis?

A

The failure of brain regions to develop

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2
Q

Why is Agenesis helpful to scientists?

A

The failure of brain regions to develop offers a unique window on the brains organization and function because a complete structure is absent

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3
Q

What is Ataxia?

A

The failure of muscular coordination and balance

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4
Q

Which region of the brain contains the most neurons?

A

The cerebellum, accounting for about 80% of the neurons in humans

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5
Q

What is the brain’s primary function?

A

To produce movement, this is collectively termed behavior

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6
Q

What do we take in to produce effective behavior?

A

Sensory information such as vision, audition, olfaction, gestation, and somatosensatiom

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7
Q

What would happen if the brain did take in stimuli?

A

The brain won’t be able to properly orient the body and direct it to produce appropriate behaviors

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8
Q

What do the nervous systems sensory organs do?

A

Gather information about the world and convert this information into biological activity that constructs perceptions

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9
Q

What is the reason for subjective differences in brains?

A

Subjective differences allow different animals to exploit different features of their environments

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10
Q

What is the meaning of ‘the brain is plastic’?

A

Neural tissue has the capacity to change in response to the world by changing how it is organized

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11
Q

What must happen in the brain for us to learn anything new?

A

Neural circuits must change to represent and store the knowledge

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12
Q

What is the basis for change in the nervous system?

A

Neuroplasticity

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13
Q

What is Neuroplasticity?

A

The nervous systems fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in response to a changing environment and to compensate for age related changes and injury

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14
Q

What is the hallmark of nervous system functioning?

A

Neuroplasticity

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15
Q

What is Phenotypic Plasticity?

A

An individuals capacity to develop a range of phenotypes - the characteristics we can see or measure

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16
Q

What does the Enteric nervous system control?

A

The gut

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17
Q

Which part of the nervous system are the Cranial and Spinal nerves a part of?

A

The somatic nervous system

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18
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system do?

A

Transmits sensation and produces movement

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19
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Nervous system?

A

The Central nervous system
The Somatic nervous system
The Autonomic nervous system
The Enteric nervous system

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20
Q

What does the Central nervous system include and what does it do?

A

The brain and spinal chord

Mediates behavior

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21
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system include and what does it do?

A

Includes all the spinal and cranial nerves carrying sensory info to the CNS from the muscle, joints and skin. It also transmits outgoing motor instruction to produce movement

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22
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system do and how?

A

Produces the rest and digest response through the parasympathetic (calming) nerves and its opposite, the fight or flight response, or vigorous activity through the sympathetic (arousing) nerves

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23
Q

What does the Enteric nervous system do and how?

A

It is formed by a mesh of neurons embedded in the lining of the gut, controls the gut

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24
Q

What is Afferent information?

A

Incoming sensory information going into the CNS

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25
Q

What is Efferent information?

A

Information leaving the CNS or one of its parts

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26
Q

What does Medial mean?

A

Towards the midline

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27
Q

What does Lateral mean?

A

Away from the midline

28
Q

What does Ventral mean?

A

Towards the bottom

29
Q

What does Dorsal mean?

A

Towards the top

30
Q

What does Anterior mean?

A

Towards the front

31
Q

What does Posterior mean?

A

Towards the back

32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Meninges?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid layer
Pia Mater

33
Q

What is the Dura Mater?

A

The tough durable layer of fibrous tissue that is attached to the skull and encloses the brain and spinal cord in a loose sac

34
Q

What is the Arachnoid layer?

A

An ultra thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brains contours

35
Q

What is the Pia Mater?

A

A moderately tough membrane of connective tissue that clings to the brains surface

36
Q

What flows between the Arachnoid layer and the Pia Mater?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

37
Q

What is the CSF composed of?

A

A colorless solution of sodium, chloride and other ions

38
Q

What does the CSF do?

A

Cushions the brain so that it can move or expand slightly without pressing in the skull

39
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

The frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal

40
Q

What does the Frontal lobe do?

A

Performs the brains executive function, such as decision making and voluntary movement

41
Q

What does the Parietal lobe do?

A

Directs our movements toward a goal or to perform a task such as grasping an object

42
Q

What does the Temporal Lobe do?

A

Includes hearing, language and musical abilities as well as facial recognition and emotional processing

43
Q

What occurs in the Occipital lobe?

A

Visual scene processing

44
Q

What are Gyri and Sulci?

A

The bumps and cracks in the Cerebral cortex

45
Q

What is the Brainstem responsible for?

A

Critical functions of life including heart rate, breathing, sleeping and eating

46
Q

What are the 3 major arteries that send blood to the cerebrum?

A

The Anterior, Middle and Posterior cerebral arteries

47
Q

What is a Stroke?

A

The sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow

48
Q

What is Grey Matter largely composed of?

A

Cell bodies and capillary blood vessels

49
Q

What happens within grey matter?

A

Neurons collect and modify information before sending it along

50
Q

What is White Matter?

A

Nerve fibers covered by myelin sheaths that have a high fat content

51
Q

What do White Matter neurons do?

A

Form longer distance connections between and among some of the brains neurons

52
Q

In the brain what is the inner section composed of?

A

White matter

53
Q

In the brain what is the outer section composed of?

A

Grey matter

54
Q

What are the Lateral Ventricles?

A

Two wing shaped cavities that contain the cerebral spinal fluid

55
Q

What is the CSF made by?

A

A network of blood vessels, called the choroid plexus, which lines the ventricles

56
Q

Where does CSF flow?

A

It flows from the two lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ventricle which lie on the brains midline and into the cerebral aqueduct that runs down the spinal cord

57
Q

What are the several functions of the CSF?

A

Suspends the brain making it neutrally buoyant
Acts as a shock absorber
Provides a chemical environment ideal for brain function

58
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

A band of white matter that contain 200 million nerve endings that join the hemisphere and allows them to communicate

59
Q

What does the Neocortex do?

A

Covers the cerebral hemispheres above the corpus callosum

60
Q

What is below the Neocortex?

A

Various internal subcortical regions

61
Q

What do the Subcortical regions do?

A

Make intimate reciprocal connections with cortical areas that process sensory, perceptual, cognitive and motor functions

62
Q

Where can asymmetry be found in the brain?

A

In the neocortex all auditory areas; in right handed people the plenum temporal which is responsible for understanding speech is larger on the left hemisphere
Heschl’s gurus which is responsible for analyzing music is larger on the right

63
Q

What are the two one of a kind structures in the brain?

A

The third and fourth ventricle and the pineal gland

64
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Carry out the brains communicativeand information functions

65
Q

What do Glial cells do?

A

Modulate neurons activity

Psyco (12 decks)

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