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Psyco > Chapter 1-3 Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways we trace evolution of the human brain and behavior?

A

1) by describing animals that first developed a nervous system and muscles with which to move
2) by describing how the nervous system grew more complex as the brain evolved to mediate complex behavior
3) by describing how the human brain evolved its present complexity

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2
Q

What is a Common Ancestor?

A

A forebear from which two or more lineages or family groups arise

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3
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying species by grouping representative organisms according to their common characteristics

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4
Q

What are Animals usually identified using?

A

Their genus and species.

Homo sapiens sapiens

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5
Q

What is the only kingdom that contains species with muscles and nervous systems?

A

Animalia

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6
Q

What distinguishes members of the animal kingdom?

A

Muscles and nervous systems

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7
Q

What do nervous systems of more recently evolved phyla depict?

A

Bilateral symmetry and segmentation which show more complex nervous systems

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8
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

When one half of the body is the mirror image of the other half

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9
Q

What is segmentation?

A

When the body is composed of similarly organized parts

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10
Q

What is the first step in the evolution of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Muscles

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11
Q

What evolved with brain cells?

A

Muscles

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12
Q

What evolved with Muscles?

A

Brain cells

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13
Q

What did brain cells and muscles evolving together enable?

A

It enabled animals to move

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14
Q

What do Neurons and Muscles likely have their origin in?

A

Single cell animals such as amoeba

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15
Q

What is the second step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

A

The nerve net

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16
Q

What does the nervous system of evolutionarily older phyla consist of?

A

A nerve net

17
Q

What is the Nerve Net?

A

A nervous system with no structure that resembles a brain or spinal cord but consists entirely of neurons that receive sensory information and connect directly to other neurons to move muscles

18
Q

What is the human PNS reminiscent of?

A

The Nerve Net of phylogenetically simpler animals

19
Q

How is the Nervous System more organized in more complex animals?

A

It features bilateral symmetry

20
Q

What is the 3 step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

A

Bilateral Symmetry

21
Q

What is the 4th step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

A

Segmentation

22
Q

How does the human Nervous System demonstrate segmentation?

A

The vertebrae contain the similar repeating nervous system segments of the spinal cord

23
Q

What is the 5th step in the evolution of Nervous Systems?

A

Ganglia

24
Q

What do more recently evolved invertebrate phyla contain?

A

Ganglia

25
Q

What do Ganglia in more recently evolved invertebrate phyla resemble and do?

A

They resemble primitive brains and function somewhat like them in that they are command centers

26
Q

What is the 7th step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

A

Spinal cord

27
Q

What are Chordates?

A

Animals that have both a brain and a spinal cord

28
Q

How is the spinal cord depicted in relatively highly evolved chordates?

A

A single nervous system pathway connects the brain with sensory receptors and muscles

29
Q

Where do Chordates get their name?

A

For the notochord which is a flexible rod that runs the length of the back

30
Q

Which Phylum depicts the greatest degree of encephalization?

A

The Chordate phylum

31
Q

Which Chordates have the largest brain relative to body size?

A

Humans

32
Q

What does the Brain of each Chordate species have?

A

Specialization related to the distinctive behavior of that species

33
Q

What is the 7th step in the evolution of the Nervous system?

A

The brain

34
Q

What is common to all nervous systems of Chordates?

A

The basic structural pattern of bilateral symmetry, segmentation and a spinal cord and brain encased in cartilage or bone

35
Q

How did Chordate brains become larger?

A

They evolved limbs and forms of locomotion

36
Q

What is the evolution of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum related to in Chordates?

A

The evolution of more complex behavior

37
Q

What is the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like in the earliest evolved classes?

A

It is more smooth and small

38
Q

What is the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like in later evolved Chordates?

A

They are much more prominent and extensively folded

39
Q

What is not unique to humans in terms of the brain?

A

Increased size and folding of the cerebrum and Cerebellum

Psyco (12 decks)

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