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Coding Terms Part II > Chapter 4E > Flashcards

Chapter 4E Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

This is the process of regulating an internal environment to maintain a stable state.

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2
Q

How would homeostasis be described static/dynamic? Why?

A

Dynamic, because in the process of regulating adjustments and changes are made to the internal and external environment to maintain a stable state.

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3
Q

Which organisms have a harder job plants or animals?

A

Plants they have photosynthesize and make all of the nutrients. Animals have to simply consume the nutrients in the plants.

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4
Q

Do organisms possess methionine?

A

No, animals cannot synthesize 9 essential nutrients one of which is methionine which is an amino acid encoded by ATG therefore they have to get it from somewhere else because it is auxotrophic.

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5
Q

How many essential nutrients do plants have?

A

17

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6
Q

What are the 3 categories that the essential nutrients of plants fall under?

A

1.) Components of nucleic and amino acids
2.) Functions of enzymes
3.) Role in regulation and of osmotic potential

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7
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

These are nutrients that are essential in large quantities.

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8
Q

What are examples of macronutrients?

A
  • C, H, O which are not considered mineral nutrients
  • N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg and these nutrients are taken from water in the soil because the ions dissolve in water
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9
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

These are nutrients that are essential in trace quantities and these are Cu2+, Cl-, and Ni2+.

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10
Q

How much of air consists of N2?

A

78%

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11
Q

Can N2 be taken up by plants?

A

No, N2 must be converted first before it can be used by the plant.

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12
Q

What are the 3 limitations of N2?

A

1.) Air was primarily N2
2.) To break the triple bonds between the N2 specific enzymes were needed
3.) The Nitrogen cycle provides nitrogen to the soil

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13
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

This incorporates atmospheric N2 into plant available compounds such as NH4+. This occurs via nitrogen fixing bacteria.

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14
Q

What is ammonification?

A

This is when bacter breaks decaying organis N compounds into NH4+. Plantas can take up NH4+ but they prefer NO3-.

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15
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Plants convert NO3- to NH4+ to turn N into organic compounds.

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16
Q

What is the difference between legumes and other plants?

A

Legumes have an internal system that contains nitrogen fixing bacteria as a result a constant supply of NO3- is not needed.

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17
Q

Initially what was used as fertilizer?

A

Crushed human skeletons because it contains calcium and nitrogen.

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18
Q

What was ammonium nitrate used for before fertilizer?

A

Bombs

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19
Q

What is GMO?

A

When foreign or new DNA is added to the genome of organisms.

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20
Q

How is N2 depleted?

A

1.) Harvesting crops removes nutrients from the soil.
2.) Land use is primarily for agriculture.
3.) Harvesting is being done at a rate where the nitrogen fixin bacteria cannot replenish.
4.) Nitrogen depletion kills plants because it is an essential nutrient.

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21
Q

How can N2 content in the soil be improved?

A

1.) Crop rotation with legumes but this was not sufficient.
2.) Use of NO3- fertilizer which increased the plant yield.

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22
Q

What was the big problem with the growth of plants from fertilizer?

A

Lodging

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23
Q

What is lodging?

A

This is when plants grow tall due to the fertilizer and then fall over.

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24
Q

How was lodging fixed?

A

Norman Brolaug genetically synthesized a gene addition for the plants to make dwarf plants.

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25
Q

What was the benefit of dwarf plants?

A

The plants were short and could uptake the plants and would not fall over so the yield was successful.

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26
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

This is when there is a surplus growth of algae and once it dies it sinks to the bottom and the decaying matter abosrb the oxygen and kill the other life in the ecosystem.

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27
Q

Why does eutrophication occur?

A

When nutrient runs off into bodies of water.

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28
Q

What is chlorosis?

A

This is the yellowing of the plant tisses due to a lack of chlorophyll which occurs when the plant is deficient in nutrients.

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29
Q

What is the particle size of sand?

A

2-0.02 mm

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30
Q

What is the particle size of silt?

A

0.02-0.002 mm

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31
Q

What is the particle size of clay?

A

< 0.002 mm

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32
Q

What is humus?

A

Decomposing organic layer that holds water and nutrients but is also negatively charged and binds to water.

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33
Q

What is soil solution?

A

This is the available uptake of nutrients after some of the nutrients has drained into the roots by gravity.

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34
Q

What is the difference between the sandy and clay soil particles?

A

The sandy soil holds less water than clay.

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35
Q

What are the properties of clay?

A

It is alkaline with a pH of 8 and the clay is negatively charged.

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36
Q

What is cation exchange?

A

When minerals are replaced with H+ produced by roots as excreted H+ or carbonic acid produced by respiring root cells.

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37
Q

How does cation exchange occur?

A

1.) H+ from carbonic acid
2.) Protons are actively pumpled

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38
Q

What happens to the anions?

A

They leak into lower layers or run off.

39
Q

Why do fertilizers contain anions?

A

1.) Weakly bound to soil
2.) Move freely in the root hairs
3.) Leach easily by excess water

40
Q

What occurs in alkaline soils?

A

Anions leach out easily

41
Q

What occurs in acidic soils?

A

Cations leach out easily

42
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The transport or simple diffusion of smaller molecules not ions or proteins with the gradient or with channel proteins neither of which require metabolic energy.

43
Q

What is active transport?

A

The transport of ions which occur through channel proteins against the gradient and require metabolic energy.

44
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

These are structures that have a symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant roots and aid the uptake of P in plants.

45
Q

What is the benefit of the mycorrhizae?

A

To enhance the uptake of phosphorous.

46
Q

What are the different types of water movement?

A

1.) Into and out of cells
2.) Laterally from cell to cell
3.) Over long distances from the root to the shoot system

47
Q

What happens to 90% of the water in plants?

A

It is transpired

48
Q

What is aquaporin?

A

These are proteins that allow rapid movement of water through hydrophobic membrane cores.

49
Q

What is water potential?

A

This is the driving force of water movement and is the potential energy of water.

50
Q

What is the water potential of pure water?

A

0 mPa
- Pressure equals 0 and the solute concentration of pure water is also 0

51
Q

How does water move?

A

From high to low water potential.

52
Q

What happens to the water potential in the presence of solutes?

A

The water potential lowers.

53
Q

What is the pressure potential?

A

The force that is required to stop the movement of water.

54
Q

What happens to the water potential when pressure is positive?

A

The water potential increases.

55
Q

What happens to the water potential when the pressure is negative?

A

The water potential decreases.

56
Q

How long does the transfer of water take place?

A

Until equilibrium between the 2 sides is acheived.

57
Q

What is the order of solute and water movement?

A

Water will follow the solutes so solutes move first and then the water comes in after.

58
Q

What happens when a flaccid cell is exposed to distilled water?

A

It becomes turgid

59
Q

What happens when a flaccid cell is exposed to a sugar solution?

A

It becomes plasmolyzed

60
Q

What is apoplastic movement?

A

This is a passive method of transporting water across the dead cell regions (air and cell wall) until the endodermis is reached is screened and the casparian strip then pushes it in the cell.

61
Q

Does the apoplastic route pass the plasma membrane?

A

No the route comes from the outside and will at somepoint cross the plasma membrane but during the route NO.

62
Q

Which route is the fastest?

A

Apoplastic

63
Q

Which route is the slowest?

A

Cell to cell communication

64
Q

What is the symplastic movement?

A

This movement can be active or passive and the route must travel through the plasma membrane through the plasmodesmatat which connects it to the cytoplam of one cell to the next and it passes the living regions of the cell.

65
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

This is a waxy layer that pushes the contents of the apoplastic route into the cell by making it symplastic so it has to cross a plasma membrane and it only occurs in the apoplastic movement.

66
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

This acts as a barrier and has a role in the apoplastic route.

67
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water through tree leaves.

68
Q

What is the negative pressure gradient that drives water transport?

A

Water is being lost and the pressure decreases but the water is also being replaced by the adhesion of water to the xylem walls due to the tension and is being pulled up.

69
Q

Why does the negative pressure not make the column of cell wall collapse?

A
  • Lignin
  • Weight -> heavy
  • Adhesive forces
70
Q

What is root pressure?

A

This is the positive pressure in the roots that forces the xylem sap up short distances.

71
Q

What primarily works to move the water?

A

The cohesion-adhesion mechanism.

72
Q

What is guttation?

A

This is when the root pressure is strong enough to push the water out of the leaf openings and out of the veins.

73
Q

What are the 3 elements that control transpiration?

A

1.) Humidity
2.) Air temperature
3.) Air movement

74
Q

What is translocation?

A

This is the long distance bulk flow movement of nutrients in the phloem.

75
Q

What is the phloem sap?

A

Water and organic compounds that fow through sieve tubes.

76
Q

What drives the movement of the phloem sap?

A

The different pressures between the source and the sink.

77
Q

What is the source?

A

This is where the organic substances are loaded into the phloem.

78
Q

What is the sink?

A

This is where the organic substances are unloaded to from the phloem.

79
Q

Where does the phloem originate from?

A

The mother phloem cell

80
Q

How is the phloem produced?

A

Via asymmetric division

81
Q

How does the nutrients become loaded into the phloem?

A

1.) Small sucrose in the photosynthetic cell
2.) Via plasmodesma the small sucrose pass into the companion cells and become larger
3.) The larger sucrose pass through larger plasmodesma to the sieve tube which takes the sucrose to the phloem

82
Q

What are the 4 organelles found in the sieve elements

A

1.) Plasma membrane
2.) Plastids
3.) Mitochondria
4.) Endoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

What are the 4 organelles found in the sieve elements

A

1.) Plasma membrane
2.) Plastids
3.) Mitochondria
4.) Endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

What is the pressure flow mechanism?

A

The bulk flow of nutrients under pressure from source to sink based on the water potential gradient.

84
Q

What is the H2O/CO2 compromise?

A

This is the opening of the stomata which allows CO2 in but it also lets water out and dries the plant therefore it is a compromise so photosynthesis can occur.

85
Q

How does the CO2 leave?

A

Through simple diffusion.

86
Q

What is the stoma?

A

An aperature on the epidermis of a leaf (lower epidermis or skin) and it is surrounded by guard cells.

87
Q

How is dessication prevented despite water being lost?

A

To prevent too much water from being lost a cuticle layer is placed on top of the epidermis so water can be retained.

88
Q

How does a guard cell close the stoma?

A

H+ are first actively pumped to make the guard cells more negative then K+ flow in and water flows in after causing the guard cells to be turgid and stretch the stoma to open.

89
Q

How does a guard cell open the stoma?

A

K+ are released from the guard cells and water flows the cells become flaccid and collapse closing the stoma.

90
Q

Does blue light cause the stomata to open or close?

A

Open

91
Q

What happens to the concentration of CO2 in the leaf?

A

It decreases because it is being used up in photosynthesis.

92
Q

What is abscisic acid (ABA)?

A

This is a hormonal signal that is produced in the roots, taken up by the mesophyll, transported by the xylem and causes the stomata to close.

93
Q

How does ABA work?

A

It closes the stoma by causing K+ to be released from the guard cells and then water flows out making it flaccid and closing the stoma.

Coding Terms Part II (12 decks)

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