Chapter 3B

Question 1

What were the first organisms to transition from water to land?

Answer 1

Arthropods - insects, arachnids, and myriapods

Question 2

What type of vertebrates also transitioned?

Answer 2

Amniote vertebrates such as reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 3

There are some organisms that still require water to maintain their lifecycles this includes?

Answer 3

Amphibians

Question 4

How is being surrounded by water a benefit?

Answer 4

It is readily and easily accessible

Question 5

Why do organisms need water in their systems?

Answer 5

Water supports the body

Question 6

How does water support reproduction?

Answer 6

Allows the flagellated sperms to travel from one place to the egg.

Question 7

How does water provide stable temperatures?

Answer 7

Unlike land the temperature of the water stays relatively constant - so organisms do not need to adapt to drastic climate changes.

Question 8

How does water support metabolic wastes?

Answer 8

By removing it

Question 9

How does water transmit sound?

Answer 9

Very well

Question 10

How does water impact the metabolic rate?

Answer 10

It lowers the metabolic rate thus less energy is expended

Question 11

What are 2 of the primary different physical properties between air and water?

Answer 11

Water is 100x more viscous and dense than air as a result more energy is expended to transport organisms and materials.

Question 12

What is a temperature related challenge in water?

Answer 12

Organisms possess high thermal conductance therefore they can easily absorb heat from the environment.

Question 13

How is dessication combatted?

Answer 13

By possessing a cuticle in plants and skin in animals.

Question 14

How is gas exchange done on land?

Answer 14

Throught the stoma or the respiratory system.

Question 15

How is gravity combatted?

Answer 15

Through certain morphological traits such as ribs and active transport.

Question 16

How is sensory system developed?

Answer 16

Through the head or cephalization.

Question 17

What is another way that organisms combat dessication?

Answer 17

Through a Loop of Henle which allows certain materials to pass through to the urine and other material to be reabsorbed by the body.

Question 18

How does the Loop of Henle retain water?

Answer 18

In drier conditions the Loop of Henle elongates to allow water to be reabsorbed by the body and release concentrated urine.

Question 19

What is aestivation?

Answer 19

This is a method of avoiding the dry season altogether that is done by African Lungfish. Whereby a bed of mucus is secreted and these fish lay in that bed and it hardens like a caccoon and they wait out the dry season.

Question 20

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 20

This is the development of the organism from an unfertilized egg.

Question 21

Why can cold temperatures be detramental?

Answer 21

The components of the organism will not function accordingly for instance the proteins will denature and change in structure and if the structure changes so does the function.

Question 22

How can the cold be tolerated?

Answer 22

• Hibernation
• Developing a higher sugar concentration and lower the freezing point
• Thermoregulation
• Behavioural adaptations

Question 23

How can gametes be protected from dessication?

Answer 23

• Internal fertilization
• Mate finding

Question 24

How can embryos be protected from dessication?

Answer 24

• Thick covering on the eggs
• Aminotic sac/membrane

Question 25

Since sound vibrations are more difficult to detect in air what happened?

Answer 25

Land animals developed tympanums or eardrums.

Question 26

What did the tympanum connect to?

Answer 26

A support system of the jaw in fish known as the stape.

Question 27

Some amphibians or salamanders are paedomorphic?

Answer 27

This means that the organisms gain sexual maturity without becoming an adult.

Question 28

Why is ammonia more expensive metabolically?

Answer 28

Since ammonia is more toxic it would be flushed away with water.

Question 29

Does urea conserve water?

Answer 29

Urea is better than ammonia however it is still slightly toxic so it does cause water to be released.

Question 30

Does uric acid conserve water?

Answer 30

Uric acid is the best for conserving water because it is the lease toxic so water is not needed to flush it out.

Question 31

What is binary fission?

Answer 31

When the parent splits to form 2 or more daughter cells.

Question 32

What is budding?

Answer 32

When the daughter cell remains attached to the parent while growing.

Question 33

What is fragmentation?

Answer 33

When the organism splits and then regenerates while the piece that broke becomes the new daughter cell.

Question 34

What does the loudness of the sound depend on?

Answer 34

Amplitude

Question 35

What does the pitch of the sound depend on?

Answer 35

Frequency