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Peds > Chapter 45 > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Flashcards

1
Q

Mode of transmission

Direct

A

•Direct: Physical contact between source of infection and new host

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2
Q

Mode of transmission

Indirect

A

Pathogens survive outside humans before causing infection

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3
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance – triggers immune response

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4
Q

Antibody

A

Protein made by the body in response to antigen

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5
Q

Active

A

Body makes antibodies without presence of clinical disease (example: tetanus vaccine

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6
Q

Passive

A

Antibodies made by another human or animal and given to another person – does not confer long-term immunity (example: tetanus immunoglobulin)

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7
Q

Killed virus vaccine example

A

inactivated polio/IPV)

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8
Q

Toxoid example

A

•Tetanus is a bacterial exotoxin

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9
Q

Live virus vaccine

A

MMR, varicella, what else?)

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10
Q

Recombinant form

A

(hepatitis B, pertussis) – DNA alteration of the organism

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11
Q

•Conjugated (Hib) – antigen/carrier protein

A

antigen/carrier protein

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12
Q

Reasons why parents don’t vaccinate

A

•Concern that vaccine is dangerous (autism, SIDS)
•Vaccine might not fully prevent disease
•Does not want government to monitor vaccination status
•The disease is not a threat anymore
•Side effects from vaccine do not justify benefit
•Belief that they can control child’s susceptibility to disease
•Poor experience prior – d/t:
–Procedure – site update
–Poor education on side effects and believe of reaction

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13
Q

Chicken pox varicella

A
  • Agent: Herpes Varicella
  • Transmission: Airborne, direct contact
  • Systemic manifestations: Fever, malaise, headache, abdominal pain
  • Skin manifestations: Clear, fluid-filled vesicles all over the body
  • Treatment: Supportive
  • Nursing: Isolation, symptom management
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14
Q

Cox hand foot and mouth disease

A

•Agent: Coxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71
•Transmission: Fecal-oral and respiratory routes
•Systemic manifestations: Fever, sore throat
•Skin manifestations
–Herpangina: Papulovesicular lesions in pharynx only
–Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Papulovesicular lesions on inside of cheek, gums, tongue, as well as hands and feet
•Treatment: Supportive
•Nursing: Isolation, topical lotions, cool drinks

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15
Q

Diphtheria

A
  • Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Transmission: Contact with nasal or eye discharge
  • Systemic manifestations: Fever, anorexia, rhinorrhea, cough, stridor
  • Oral manifestations: Tonsils, pharynx covered in thick, bluish-white patch
  • Treatment: Antibiotics, IV antitoxin
  • Nursing: Isolation, monitor for respiratory distress, administer antibiotics
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16
Q

Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)

A
  • Agent: Human parvovirus B19
  • Transmission: Respiratory secretions and blood
  • Systemic manifestations: Flu-like illness
  • Skin manifestations: Fiery-red rash on cheeks (“slapped face” appearance) – lace-like rash on trunk and limbs
  • Treatment: Supportive
  • Nursing: Isolation, fever control, antipruritics, soothing baths (oatmeal)
17
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B

A
  • Agent: H. influenzae bacteria (several serotypes exist)
  • Transmission: Direct contact or droplet inhalation
  • Systemic manifestations: Viral upper respiratory tract infection that invades bloodstream – may cause meningitis, cellulitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, or sepsis
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Antibiotics
  • Nursing: Isolation, prophylaxis for close contacts, antipyretics
18
Q

Measles (Rubeola)

A
  • Agent: Morbillivirus – “Hard Measles”
  • Transmission: Airborne, droplet, and contact
  • Systemic manifestations: High fever, conjunctivitis, cough, anorexia, malaise
  • Koplik spots – clustered white lesions on buccal mucosa – prodromal 2-3 days before rash – red, blotchy, maculopapular
  • Treatment: Supportive – antibiotics for secondary infections
  • Nursing: Isolation, antipyretics, antitussives, monitor respiratory status
19
Q

Mono

A
  • Agent: Epstein-Barr virus
  • Transmission: Direct contact with secretions
  • Systemic manifestations: Malaise, headache, fatigue, fever, posterior lymphadenopathy – weakness and lethargy may persist for months
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Supportive
  • Nursing: Antipyretics, bed rest during acute phase
20
Q

Mumps parotitis

A
  • Agent: Rubulavirus
  • Transmission: Contact with respiratory secretions
  • Systemic manifestations: Malaise, fever, pain with chewing, parotid gland swelling
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Supportive – disease is usually self-limiting
  • Nursing: Isolation, comfort
21
Q

Pneumococcal Infection

A
  • Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Transmission: Respiratory secretions, droplet
  • Systemic manifestations: Related to area of infection (otitis, sinusitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis)
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Antibiotics (many resistant strains exist)
  • Nursing: Isolation, antipyretics, encourage fluids
22
Q

Poliomyelitis

A
  • Agent: Poliovirus
  • Transmission: Fecal-oral, possibly respiratory
  • Systemic manifestations: May be mild or severe – CNS symptoms, respiratory weakness, paralysis
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Supportive
  • Nursing: Monitor respiratory status, comfort
23
Q

Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum, Sixth Disease)

A
  • Agent: Herpesvirus type 6

* Transmission: Possibly respiratory secretions of healthy individuals -

24
Q

Rotaviru

A
  • Agent: Reoviridae family of rotaviruses
  • Transmission: Fecal-oral route
  • Infants/young children
  • Systemic manifestations: Fever (acute onset), vomiting, diarrhea (10-20 stools per day)
  • Skin manifestations: None
  • Treatment: Rehydration (oral or IV); no antiviral therapy is available, but is preventable by vaccine
  • Nursing: Hand hygiene; monitor intake and output
25
Q

Rubella German measles

A
  • Agent: Rubella (Latin for “little red”) RNA Virus
  • Transmission: Droplet or direct contact
  • Systemic manifestations: Low-grade fever, headache, malaise, anorexia
  • Skin manifestations: Pink, nonconfluent, maculopapular rash that starts on face.
  • Treatment: Supportive – disease usually mild. Prenatal exposure causes birth defects
  • Nursing: Isolation, especially from pregnant women – comfort measures
26
Q

Strep A

A

•Agent: Group A streptococci (GAS)
•Transmission: Contact with respiratory secretions – direct contact
•Systemic manifestations: Pharyngeal (sore throat, fever)
•Skin manifestations: Pyodermal
impetigo – honey-colored lesions
•Treatment: Antibiotics – uncomplicated impetigo treated topically
•Nursing: Usually cared for at home – fever management, warm fluids

27
Q

Tetanus

A
  • Agent: Clostridium tetani or tetanus bacillus
  • Transmission: Via wounds in the skin
  • Systemic manifestations: Neck or jaw stiffness, facial spasms, prolonged muscle contraction
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Tetanus immune globulin – respiratory monitoring and ventilation
  • Nursing: Wound care, monitor respiratory status, hydration
28
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete
  • Transmission: Tick bite (infected spirochete transmitted when tick draws blood)
  • Systemic manifestations: Malaise, headache, mild fever, joint aches
  • Skin manifestations: Red, “bulls-eye” rash around tick bite
  • Treatment: Antibiotics
  • Nursing: Discuss prevention of tick bites and proper tick removal – treatment usually occurs at home, rest and completion of antibiotics
29
Q

Malaria

A
  • Agent: Plasmodium (four species exist)
  • Transmission: Via infected female mosquito bite
  • Systemic manifestations: Malaise, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, high fever spike every 48 to 72 hours
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
30
Q

Rabies

A
  • Agent: Rhabdoviridae (two types-one in dogs, one in wildlife)
  • Transmission: Infected saliva from bite of rabid animal
  • Systemic manifestations: Long incubation period – headache, fever, malaise, difficulty swallowing (leads to hydrophobia) – untreated, leads to coma and death
  • Skin manifestations: None specific
  • Treatment: Human rabies immune globulin for passive immunity – rabies vaccine for active immunity
  • Nursing: Administration of vaccine and education about side effects
31
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A
  • Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii
  • Transmission: Transmitted by infected ticks
  • Systemic manifestations: May be mild (malaise, fever) to severe (encephalitis, shock)
  • Skin manifestations: Maculopapular rash (extremities, then trunk)
  • Treatment: Doxycycline
  • Nursing: Prevention of tick bites – standard precautions, administer antibiotics, monitor for worsening symptoms
32
Q

you will never get the same what virus

A

rhinovirus

33
Q

allergies to

A

eggs, gellantin, neomycn

34
Q

required elements of documented immunizatons

A

Date of administration
Vaccine given
Manufacturer, lot number, and expiration date
Site and route of administration
Name, title, and address of nurse administering vaccine

35
Q

storage

A

Store frozen vaccines (Varicella, MMRV, and Zoster) in a freezer between -58°F and +5°F (-50°C and -15°C). Store all other routinely recommended vaccines in a refrigerator between 35°F and 46°F (2°C and 8°C). The desired average refrigerator vaccine storage temperature is 40°F (5°C).

Peds (14 decks)

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