Chapter 45 Flashcards
What plays an important role in regulation of endocrine hormones and secreting hormones into the bloodstream?
The pituitary gland
The endocrine system involves the release of chemical transmitter substance is known as what?
Hormones
Abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs
Exophthalmos
What test may be used to measure the amount of hormones or the end products of hormone excreted by the kidneys
Urine test
What test is used to confirm hypo function of an endocrine organ?
Stimulation test
What test is used to detect hyper function of the endocrine organ?
Suppression test
What hormone is essential for growth and development? 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland despite low serum osmolarity levels 
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Which hormone regulates growth in children and energy and metabolism in adults?
Growth hormone (GH)
Group of systems produced by an oversecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Characterized by; truncal obesity, moon face, acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension
Cushing’s syndrome
A disorder caused by excessive amounts of GH in adults. Results in enlargement of peripheral body parts and soft tissue
Acromegaly
Insufficient secretion of GH during childhood can result in generalized limited growth and pituitary what
Dwarfism
A rare disorder that occurs due to injury to hypothalamus or pituitary gland with deficiency of ADH that results in excretion of large volumes of dilute urine and extreme thirst
Diabetes insipidus
Chemical reactions occurring when the body is at rest is called
Basal metabolic rate
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland
Hypophysectomy
What is the primary etiology for diabetes insipidus
Head trauma
Why can’t fluids be restricted when treating diabetes insipidus?
Attempting to restrict fluids causes the patient to crave fluid and develop hypernatremia and severe dehydration
What is the drug of choice for diabetes insipidus? Can be given orally or intranasally 
Desmopressin
What is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
What three hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
What is essential to the thyroid gland for synthesis of its hormones?
Iodine
Normal thyroid hormone production is called?
Euthyroid
This hormone is secreted in response to high plasma levels of calcium and it reduces the plasma level of calcium by increasing its deposition in bone
Calcitonin
Oversecretion of thyroid hormone manifested by a greatly increased metabolic rate?
Hyperthyroidism
Oversecretion of thyroid hormones is usually associated with an enlarged thyroid gland that is also called?
Goiter 
How do you assess the thyroid gland?
The patient is instructed to extend the neck slightly and swallow.
Thyroid tissue rises normally with swallowing
If an enlarged thyroid gland is palpable what happens next?
The thyroid gland is auscultated using the diaphragm of the stethoscope.
Auscultation identifies audible vibrations of bruits 
What is an increase blood flow through the thyroid gland associated with hyperthyroidism?
Bruit
Deficit of thyroid hormone is called?
Hypothyroidism
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults?
Hashimoto thyroiditis ( the immune system attacks the thyroid gland) 
What are signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Fatigue
weight gain
cold intolerance
dry skin
deepening of the voice
In adequate ventilation and sleep apnea can occur with severe what
Hypothyroidism
This, is a rare life-threatening condition with severe?
The patient becomes hypothermic an unconscious
Myxedema
Patients who are in myxedema coma may experience?
Hyponatremia hypoglycemia hypoventilation hypotension bradycardia hypothermia
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism
Synthetic levothyroxine
What is an auto immune disorder that results from an excessive amount of thyroid glands caused by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by circulating immunoglobulins
Graves’ disease
What disease may present with exophthalmos and may exhibit reduce blinking and lid retraction
Graves’ disease
If hypothyroidism is severe and left untreated what complications may occur
Myocardial hypertrophy
heart failure
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Exopthalmos
Increase in appetite
diarrhea
weight loss
thin skin
goiter
fine tremors
sweating
What is the most common form of treatment for Graves’ disease
Radioactive iodine
What are common treatments of hyperthyroidism
Anti-thyroid agents
radioactive iodine
surgery
Radioactive iodine is contraindicated during what?
Pregnancy
Form of severe hyperthyroidism usually abrupt onset. Almost always fatal if left untreated. Manifested by cardiac arrhythmias, fever, and neurologic impairment
Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis)
Anti-thyroid medications are taken when?
(Thionamides)
Take medication 30 minutes before eating in the AM
The most common type of goiter that occurs when iodine intake is deficient
Simple or colloid goiter
Formation of stones in one of the kidneys
Nephrolithiasis
Primary adrenal insufficiency due to inadequate adrenal cortex function
Addison’s disease
