Chapter 41 Flashcards
Fewer than 3 bowel movements weekly
Or bowel movements that are hard, dry, small or difficult to pass
Constipation
What group of people are more likely to become constipated?
Women
Pregnant women
Pts who recently had surgery
What is important for bowel health because it increases the bulk of stool, easing its passage
Fiber
A term used to describe pelvic floor dysfunction and constipation
Anismus
Ineffective or sometimes painful straining and urge to eliminate feces
Tenesmus
A pressure study may be performed to assess malfunction of the sphincter this is called?
Anorectal manometry
What 3 things can be used to evaluate constipation?
X-ray
Colonoscopy
Lower GI endoscopy
Forceful exhaling with the glottis closed?
Usually due to straining on the toilet
Valsalva maneuver
Normal or abnormal folds, grooves, or cracks in the body tissue?
Fissures
Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity?
Peritonitis
Dilated and atonic colon caused by a fecal mass that obstructs the passage of colon contents, this is called?
Megacolon
Symptoms of megacolon are?
Constipation
Liquid fecal incontinence
Abdominal distention
When should you attempt to defecate?
After a meal and warm drink
Effective therapy for pts with dyssynergic defecation.
Considered first line of therapy
Biofeedback
What is the daily dietary fiber intake?
25g to 30g/ day
What are generally not recommended for treating constipation unless other meds have failed?
Enemas
Rectal suppositories
Why should you avoid overuse or long term use of laxatives?
It can make the pt more constipated
Increased frequency of bowel movements (more than 3 per day) with altered consistency of stool?
Diarrhea
What type of drugs can cause diarrhea?
Antibiotics
Magnesium containing antacids
Voluminous, greasy stools suggest what?
Intestinal malabsorption
Presence of blood, mucous, and pus in the stools suggests?
Inflammatory enteritis
Colitis
Oil droplets in the toilet water may suggest?
Pancreatic insufficiency
Nocturnal diarrhea may be manifestation of what?
Diabetic neuropathy
What is the most common complication of diarrhea?
Dehydration
Dehydration with electrolyte loss may cause what?
Cardiac arrhythmias
Loss of bicarbonate with diarrhea can lead too?
Metabolic acidosis
Older pts can become dehydrated from diarrhea causing what?
Hypokalemia
What type of med may be prescribed to reduce the severity of diarrhea?
Antidiarrheal agent
(EX: loperamide)
External device that has a special rectal pouch that are drainable eliminating feces to skin contact
Fecal incontinence collectors
Chronic function disorder by recurrent abdominal pain associated with disordered bowel movements which includes diarrhea, constipation, or both
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
IBS is more common in what group of people?
Women younger than 45 yo
What is used to evaluate bowel movement habits and characteristics of stool?
Bristol Stool Form Scale
Disorder of malabsorption caused by autoimmune response to consumption of products that contain protein gluten
Celiac disease
What are the 2 major complications of appendicitis?
Gangrene
Perforation of the appendix
Saclike herniation of the lining of the bowel that extends through a defect of the muscle layer
Diverticulum
Diverticulosis is typically diagnosed by what?
Colonoscopy
What is the recommended fluid intake per day?
2 L/ day
Decompression of the bowel through insertion of an NG tube is necessary for what patients?
Small bowel obstruction
What May you observe with the abdomen when the pt has a Lg bowel obstruction?
Distended
Later becomes hypoactive/absent
Also called regional enteritis
Inflammation and abscess
Small focus ulcers
Cobblestone appearance
Crohn’s disease
Chronic ulcerative inflammatory disease
Bloody or purulent drainage
Anorexia
Ulcerative colitis
Patients with ulcerative colitis have an increased risk for ?
Osteoporotic fractures
Loperamide can be used when?
30 min before meals
A method that provides nutrients to the body by the IV route
Parenteral nutrition
Lipid injectable emulsions are mixed by pharmacy staff with other components of parenteral nutrition to create a 3 in 1 mixture called?
Total nutrient admixture (TNA)
What is the usual length of therapy for peripheral parenteral nutrition?
5 to 7 days
What position may decrease the risk for an air embolism when the patient is on parenteral nutrition?
Trendelenburg position
Why would parenteral nutrition be discontinued GRADUALLY?
To allow pt to adjust to decreased levels of glucose
If parenteral feedings stop too abruptly, what may happen?
Rebound hypoglycemia
If parenteral solution runs out what should you run?
10% dextrose and water to prevent hypoglycemia
What should a stoma look like?
Pink to bright red, shiny
What daily output can be expected for an ileostomy?
600 to 1200 mL
What daily output can be expected with a colostomy?
200 to 600 mL
Most ostomy pouches stink, what foods are deodorizers in the intestinal tract?
Spinach
Parsley
When should people get colonoscopies?
Every 5 to 10 years beginning at age 50
Mass of tissue that protrudes into the lumen of the bowel, can occur in the intestinal tract and rectum
Polyps
Inflammation of the mucosa of the rectum
Secondary to an STI
more common in gay men
Proctitis
Mucus and pus in the stool suggest what?
Ulcerative colitis
Symptoms of peritonitis
Abdominal pain with rebound tenderness
What are characteristics of pilonidal cyst?
Dilated pits of hair follicles in the cleft
Early manifestation of colon cancer
Changes in bowel habits
“String sign” is associated with what?
Crohn’s disease
When one part of the intestines telescopes into another portion of the intestines
Intussusception of bowel
What results in vomiting?
Metabolic alkalosis
Red sensitive skin around stoma site may indicate what?
An ill fitting appliance
What will the bowel sounds sound like with peritonitis?
absent
What is a bulk forming laxative
Metamucil
