Chapter 44: Circulatory System Flashcards
What is the circulatory system consist of?
heart, vessels, and fluid (blood) moving important molecules and cells from one tissue to anther
What is the lymphatic system?
accessory system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of the blood and surrounding tissues and participates in the body’s defenses against invading disease organisms
ISF and always removing
What type of animals can rely primarily on diffusion? ex?
very small or thin animals, ex) sponges, cnidarians, flatworms
What is fluid?
a specialized medium carries cells, O2, nutrients, CO2 and wastes, and plays a major role in homeostasis
ex) blood
What is the role of the heart?
the muscle that pumps fluid through the circulatory system
What are vessels?
tubular vessels distribute the fluid pumped by the heart
What type of circulatory system do sponges have?
water is pumped in through pores in the body wall and exits through a large, central cavity
What type of circulatory system do cnidarians have?
have a central gastrovascular cavity with a mouth through which water enters and leaves
Describe an open circulatory system?
vessels leaving the heart release bloodlike fluid
(hemolymph) directly into body spaces (sinuses) that surround organs – hemolymph reenters the heart through valves in the heart wall
blood and ISF combined
has valves to create directionality and stop back flow
Describe and closed circulatory system?
the fluid (blood) is confined to blood vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid –substances are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid, then between interstitial fluid and cells
capillary beds
What is the design of the circulatory systems for invertebrates?
open circulatory systems with one or more muscular hearts
The more active insects and crustaceans have specialized air passages (tracheae) that aid in gas exchange
What organisms have closed circulatory systems?
Annelids (earthworms) , cephalopod mollusks, and all vertebrates
What part of the heart receives blood returning from the heart?
atria
What part of the heart pumps blood from the heart?
ventricles
Heart design of sharks and bony fishes?
one atrium and one ventricle
The ventricle pumps blood to capillaries of the gills, where blood releases CO2 and picks up O2
Oxygenated blood is delivered to capillary networks in other body tissues, where it delivers O2 and picks up CO2
Deoxygenated blood returns to the atrium in veins
Heart design of turtles, lizards, and snakes?
2 atria and 1 ventricle
A flap of tissue in the ventricle (incomplete septum) keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood almost completely separate
The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to body tissues
The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Heart design of Crocodilians, birds, and mammals?
double heart consisting of two atria and two ventricles
—4 chambers
complete septum
How much blood does the average adult human have?
4-5 L
What percentage does plasma make up in the blood?
55-58%
What is hematocrit?
the remaining solid (cellular) components
Where do blood cells develop in humans?
develop in red bone marrow – primarily in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis
come from pluripotent stem cells
What do pluripotent stem cells differentiate into?
myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
What can myeloid stem cells become?
platelets, erythrocyte, basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage
What can lymphoid stem cells become?
B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte
What cells are in the bone marrow?
pluripotent stem cell, myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
Function of blood?
transports cells and molecules
stabilizes pH and salt composition of body fluids
regulates body temperature by transferring heat
What is blood plasma made of? (10)
mainly water (91-92%) glucose and other sugars amino acids plasma proteins dissolved gasses (O2, CO2, N2) Ions (Na, K, Ca, Cl, HCO3) lipids vitamins hormones metabolic wastes (urea and uric acid)
What are 3 examples of plasma proteins? where do they made?
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
made in liver
What are albumins?
important for osmotic balance and pH buffering
What are globulins?
transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
What are fibrinogens?
used in blood clotting
Erythrocyte lifespan? nucleus?
120 days, mammal erythrocytes lose their nucleus