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BIOL 2312 > Chapter 43: Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements > Flashcards

Chapter 43: Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements Flashcards

1
Q

Which types of muscle are under voluntary control?

A

skeletal

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2
Q

Which types of muscle are under involuntary control?

A

smooth and cardiac

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3
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

ligaments

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4
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

tendons

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5
Q

Which nervous system controls the skeletal muscle?

A

somatic nervous system

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6
Q

Are skeletal muscles multinucleated?

A

yes

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7
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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8
Q

What are myofibrils? composition?

A

make up muscle fibers

made of thin and thick filaments

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9
Q

What gives skeletal muscle a striated appearance?

A

alternating pattern of thin and thick filaments

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10
Q

What are A bands?

A

Dark bands at both ends of stacked thick filaments where thin filaments overlap

Where ACTION takes place

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11
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Lighter middle region of an A band, which contains only thick filaments

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12
Q

What is the M line?

A

A disc of proteins in the center of the H zone, which holds the stack of thick filaments together

MIDDLE of the sarcomere

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13
Q

What are I bands?

A

Light bands consisting of the parts of the thin filaments not in the A band

connects 2 sarcomeres

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14
Q

What is the Z line?

A

A thin disc in the center of each I band to which the thin filaments are anchored

end, edge, boundary

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15
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

the basic unit of contraction in a myofibril

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16
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

are parallel bundles of myosin molecules, each consisting of two subunits that form a head connected to a long double-helix tail – the head bends toward the adjacent thin filament to form a crossbridge

heads away from middle and towards the Z-line

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17
Q

What are thin filaments?

A

contain two linear chains of actin molecules twisted into a double helix

tropomyosin and troponin are found here

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18
Q

What happened to the sarcomere when a muscle is fully contracted?

A

-Z lines get closer together, doesn’t change shape just
moves
-actin and myosin overlap
-actin doesn’t change shape or move

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19
Q

What does interdigitated mean?

A

(of two or more things) interlock like the fingers of two clasped hands.

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20
Q

What are the steps in forming a cross-bridge/muscle contraction?

A

1) myosin head binds to ATP, detaches from actin
2) Myosin head catalyzes (breaks down) ATP forming ADP which cocks the myosin head back
3) Myosin head hinds to actin forming a cross-bridge
4) ADP and Pi are released which created a power stroke that causes thin filament to slide which shorten the sarcomere

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21
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

Can tell time of death by presence of ATP, For a while after death ATP is still produced which allows for cross-bridge formation still.

Within a few hours after death, Ca2+ diffuses into the cytoplasm of muscle cells and initiates the crossbridge cycle, producing rigor mortis

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22
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

complex system of vesicles modified from smooth ER that encircle the sacromeres

Segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum wrap around each A and I band, separated from T tubules by small gaps

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23
Q

What are T tubules?

A

At the junction of an A band and I band, the plasma membrane folds to form a T (transverse) tubule

on top of Z line, hollow tube that plunges down into the tissue

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24
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for neural muscular control? what does this cause?

A

acetylcholine, causes the release o f Na+ ions that depolarize the membrane which then release Ca2+ ions from voltage gated channels

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25
Q

What role does Ca2+ play in skeletal muscle contraction control?

A

In low Ca2+ levels, tropomyosin inhibits cross-bridge formation

In high Ca2+ levels, Ca2+ binds to troponin, Tropomyosin is displaced, and formation of actin-myosin cross-bridges

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26
Q

What is the difference between troponin and tropomyosin?

A

tropomyosin is the rope and troponin is the globular proteins that Ca2+ binds to

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27
Q

What is botulinum?

A

Botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine release in neuromuscular junctions – body muscles, including the diaphragm, become paralyzed and the victim dies of respiratory failure

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28
Q

What is curare?

A

Curare blocks acetylcholine from binding to its receptors in muscle fibers – body muscles, including the diaphragm, become paralyzed and the victim dies of respiratory failure

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29
Q

What will a single action potential arriving at a neuromuscular junction causes a single, weak contraction produce?

A

muscle twitch

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30
Q

What is a twitch summation?

A

If a muscle fiber is restimulated before it has relaxed completely, the second twitch is added to the first, producing twitch summation

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31
Q

What is tetanus?

A

If action potentials arrive so rapidly (about 25 msec apart) that the fiber can’t relax at all between stimuli, twitch summation produces a peak level of continuous contraction (tetanus)

32
Q

What are slow muscle fibers?

where in the body would they be found in?

A

-contract slowly for longer periods of times.
breakdown ATP slowly.
-has a lot of mitochondria that makes ATP by oxidative
phosphorylation.
-high concentrations of myoglobin = tissue is redder

found in postural muscles

33
Q

What is myoglobin? found more in?

A

enhances oxygen supply

found more in slow muscle fibers and fast aerobic muscle fibers

34
Q

What are the 2 types of fast muscle fibers? where in the body would they be found in?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

found in finger muscles

35
Q

What is similar between aerobic and anaerobic fast muscle fibers?

A

both contract quickly and paler than slow muscle fibers

both more fatigue quicker than slow muscle fibers

36
Q

What is different between aerobic and anaerobic fast muscle fibers?

A

aerobic has more mitochondria = ATP, and high concentration of myoglobin. Uses oxidative phosphorylation, and an intermediate capacity for making ATP by anaerobic glycolysis

Anaerobic muscle fibers has high concentrations of glycogen, relatively few mitochondria, and a more limited blood supply than fast aerobic fibers. uses GLYCOLYSIS and has short bursts of rapids contractions

37
Q

Which fast muscle fiber is more susceptible to fatigue?

A

anaerobic

38
Q

Which muscle fiber would runners have more of?

A

slow twitch fibers

39
Q

What does working out do? in muscle fibers?

A

increases muscle mass via feedback

particular types of exercise can convert some fast muscle fibers between aerobic and anaerobic types

40
Q

Can you create fine motor control?

A

nope, can’t build more motor units

can only get better via coordination

41
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Muscle fibers are organized into motor units, each controlled by branches of the axon of a single efferent neuron

will be the same type of muscle fiber

42
Q

What happens to the motor until when it contracts?

A

When a motor unit contracts, its force is distributed throughout the entire muscle because the fibers are dispersed throughout the muscle, not concentrated in one segment

43
Q

What is recuritment?

A

you can use a different amount of muscle units depending on the task—strength

44
Q

How do motor units differ in different areas of the body?

A

Muscles that can be precisely and delicately controlled, such as finger movements, have many motor units in a small area

Muscles that produce larger body movements, such as leg movements, have fewer motor units in the same volume of muscle, but thousands of muscle fibers in each unit

45
Q

What is fatigue?

A

muscle failure, multivariable problem

46
Q

What is creatine?

A

released in muscle tissue breakdown and can be used to look at kidney function

47
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletons?

A

hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons

48
Q

How do hydrostatic skeletons work?

A

consists of a body compartment or compartments filled with water or body fluids – which are incompressible liquids

If muscles in one part of the compartment are contracted and another part is relaxed, pressurized fluid moves to the relaxed part of the compartment, distending it

uses pressure and density of H2) to build structure

49
Q

How do hydrostatic skeletons work in earthworms?

A
  • Circular muscles reduce diameter and increase length
  • Longitudinal muscles shorten length and increase diameter
  • “feet”/keta provide friction
50
Q

Where do hydrostatic skeletons occur?

A

Hydrostatic skeletons are the primary support systems of cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, and annelids

Many arthropods have hydrostatic skeletal elements (e.g., larvae of flying insects and legs of spiders)

Some structures of echinoderms are supported by hydrostatic skeletons (e.g., tube feet of sea stars and sea urchins)

In vertebrates, the erectile tissue of the penis is a fluid-filled hydrostatic skeletal structure

51
Q

What is an exoskeleton?

A

is a rigid external body covering that supports and protects internal tissues – the force of muscle contraction is applied against the exoskeleton

52
Q

What are the two types of exoskeletons? What organisms are they found in?

A

Many mollusks, such as clams and oysters, have an exoskeleton consisting of a hard [calcium carbonate] shell secreted by glands in the mantle

Arthropods, such as insects, spiders, and crustaceans, have a [chitinous cuticle] secreted by underlying tissue – joints are moved by muscles that extend across the inside surfaces

found in smaller organisms

53
Q

What is an endoskeleton?

A

consists of internal body structures, such as bones, that support and protect soft tissues – the force of muscle contraction is applied against the bones

54
Q

What type of skeletons do echinoderms have?

A

Echinoderms have an endoskeleton consisting of ossicles formed from calcium carbonate crystals

55
Q

What type of skeletons do sea urchins and sand dollars have for thier shells?

A

endoskeletons

56
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

axial= skull, spine, ribcage

appendicular= appendages and pelvis

57
Q

What are they 2 types of bone? where are they found?

A

spongy and dense compact

dense compact bone, which generally forms the outer surfaces, and more open spongy bone, found in interior regions

58
Q

Is the bone vascular in humans? birds?

A

yes in humans, allows for repair

nope in birds

59
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

loss of bone matirx

60
Q

How can you tell if you have broken a bone?

A

very quickly there will be a dark colored bruise where blood from the broken bone is collecting

61
Q

What is red marrow and where is it found?

A

The interior of some flat bones, such as hip bones and ribs, are filled with red marrow, a tissue that is the primary source of new red blood cells in mammals and birds

62
Q

What is yellow marrow and where is it found?

A

The shaft of long bones such as the femur is opened by a large central canal filled with adipose tissue called yellow marrow, which is a source of some white blood cells

63
Q

What hormones are involved in calcium levels in the bone? function?

A

calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts to build bone

Parathyroid hormone decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium reabsorbtion

64
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

65
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

consist of the cartilage covered ends of two bones, enclosed by a capsule of connective tissue filled with synovial fluid, and held together by ligaments

freely movable

66
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

the ends of bones are covered with cartilage, but have no fluid􏰁filled capsule surrounding them – the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue

semi movable

67
Q

Are fibrous joints movable? what type of bone?

A

nope, they are flat and compact bone

68
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

The elbow and the knee are hinge joints

This type of joint can move only in one direction to open or close the angle between the bones flanking it.

69
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A

Shoulder and the hip joints exemplify ball-and-socket joints

This type of joint can rotate about its axis, providing the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body

70
Q

What is a fulcrum? example?

A

pivot point that bones move around

The elbow joint has the fulcrum at one end, the
load at the opposite end, and force applied between the ends

71
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

A muscle that causes movement in the joint when it contracts

72
Q

What is an extensor muscle?

A

extend joint

73
Q

What is a flexor muscle?

A

opposite of extensor muscle

74
Q

What are the antagonistic muscle pairs?

A

extensor and flexor

75
Q

What do we see in evolution about bones?

A

animals have the same bones in the differnet order but they vary from one another creating different adaptation and advantages for the organism

BIOL 2312 (14 decks)

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