Chapter 38- Intro and Tissues Flashcards
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
anatomy studies the structure while physiology studies their function
What are the 5 things individual animal cells require?
1) must be surrounded by an aqueous solution that contain ions
2) use organic molecules as an energy source
3) use oxygen in oxidative reactions
4) removal of waste
5) environmental conditions within range
What are the 3 points about multicellular organisms?
1) an internal environment that can supply nutrients, waste removal, and osmotic balance
2) can become large
3) specialization among cells
What are the 5 levels of organization in order of smallest to largest?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the 4 basic types of animal tissue?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What is the structure and function of a tissue determined by? (4)
1) properties of the individual cells
2) structure and organization of the cytoskeleton
3) organization of ECM
4) junctions
What are anchoring junctions and where are they commonly found?
form button like spots or belts that weld cells together – found in tissues subject to stretching, such as skin and heart
muscle
What are tight junctions and where are they commonly found? cell type?
seal spaces between cells ex) urinary bladder
between epithelial cells
What are gap junctions and where are they commonly found?
open channels between cells in the same tissue
ex) between muscle cells
What are epithelial tissues?
cover body surfaces and the surfaces of internal organs, and line cavities and ducts within the body
What is the structure of epithelial tissues?
consist of sheet-like layers of cells, usually connected by
tight junctions with little extra cellular matrix (ECM)
between them
What is the apical surface?
epithelium’s outer surface
What is the basal surface?
inner surface of epithelia
What is the basal lamina?
fixes the epithelium to underlying connective tissues
What are the 2 classifications of epithelia?
simple (single layer) and stratified (multiple layers)
What are the 3 shapes of epithelium?
1) squamous (flattened)
2) cuboidal (cube-shaped)
3) columnar (elongated)
What are the 4 principal types of epithelium are found in the body?
1) simple squamous epithelium
2) stratified squamous epithelium
3) cuboidal epithelium
4) columnar epithelium
Where are new cells produced in the skin?
basal layer
Where are stem cells found?
adults (brain, bone marrow, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, and liver) and embryos
What are exocrine glands? examples?
connected to the epithelium by a duct, which empties their secretion at the
epithelial surface (e.g., mucus, saliva, sweat,
earwax, oils, and milk)
What are endocrine glands? examples?
are ductless – they release hormones which are distributed by the
circulatory system (e.g., pituitary gland, adrenal
gland, and thyroid gland)
Key differences between endocrine and exocrine?
presence of duct and use of circulatory system
Which tissue a lot of the times has more ECM
(by weight and volume) than cellular material?
connective tissue
What is the structure in most ECM?
fibrous glycoprotein collagen embedded in a
network of proteoglycans
What is fibronectin?
type of glycoprotein that aids in attachment of cells to ECM and helps hold cells in position
Where might elastin fibers be found?
skin and lungs
What is resilin?
protein found in insects and some crustaceans and is the most elastic material known
What are the 6 types of connective tissues?
loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and blood
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue that vertebrates have?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What type proteins control muscle contractions?
actin and myosin
What are glial cells?
physically support and
provide nutrients to neurons, provide electrical insulation
between them, and scavenge cellular debris and foreign matter
What is the structure of a neuron?
cell body, dendrites (receive signals),
axons (send signals)
How many major organ systems do all vertebrates have?
11
How do cells receive nutrients and O2?
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
What is the ECF made of?
plasma (fluid portion of blood) and interstitial fluid (surrounds cells)
What direction does waste move?
opposite direction
Is homeostasis a dynamic or static process?
dynamic
What are the 8 factors of the internal environment?
1) Nutrient concentration
2) Concentration of O2
3) Concentration of CO2
4) Concentration of waste chemicals
5) Concentration of water and NaCl
6) pH
7) Volume and pressure of plasma
8) Temperature (of warm-blooded animals)
What is the difference between local and systemic homeostatic controls?
local homeostatic controls occur within an organ vs systemic which controls the target organ outside of that organ (endocrine and nervous system)
What is the difference between regulators and conformers?
regulators maintain a constant internal environments while conforms match their internal environments to their external environments.
What are the steps in negative feedback control?
stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector(s), compensatory response, environmental condition returned to set point
How and what type of feedback do mammals use to control temperature?
they use negative feedback mechanisms.
If blood temperature falls, the hypothalamus
activates effectors that constrict blood vessels,
reducing heat loss from the skin – other
effectors induce shivering to generate heat (visa-versa)
What is positive feedback?
adds to the changes, does not result in homestasis
What are biorhythms?
regulated factors change in predictable and cycling patterns like circadian rhythm
What is the difference between acclimatization and acclimation?
acclimation is when set point changes artificially in a laboratory setting versus acclimatization is when the set point changes because of a change in environmental conditions
What is the difference between acclimatization and evolutionary adaptation?
acclimatization is temporary changes to a single organism versus evolutionary adaptation is genetic change over many generations
What is loose connective tissue?
sparsely distributed fibroblasts surrounded by loose collagen and elastin fibers forming a glycoprotein matrix
What is dense connective tissue?
sparsely distributed fibroblasts surrounded by dense collagen and elastin fibers forming a glycoprotein matrix
What is cartilage?
sparsely distributed chondrocytes (cartilage-producing cells) surrounded by collagen fibers, elastic matrix of glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate,
precursor to bone, no blood supply
What is bone?
osteocyte cells in ECM if collagen fibers harden by mineral deposits—hydroxyapatite
What is adipose tissue?
densely clustered adipocytes, little ECM
What is blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma
What is skeletal musle?
arranged in parallel units, contraction occurs in one direction along the fibers. cells are long, cylindrical, and striated
What is cardiac muscle?
found in the heart, stabilized by anchoring and gap junctions, short and branched cylindrical striated cells.
intercalated disk is what is between two cells
What is smooth muscle?
small spindle-shaped contractile cells. Current goes through gap junctions making a muscle contract as a unit
What are reticular fibers?
thin collagen fibers crosslinked to form a network that helps support certain tissues such as the liver
What would happen if the concentration of CO2 became too high?
ECF would become acidic
Most cuboidal epithelium is simple or stratified?
simple
Most columnar epithelium is simple or stratified?
stratified
Describe simple squamous epithelium? common locations? function?
layer of flatten cells, found in blood vessel walls, air sacs of lungs, role is to diffuse
Describe stratified squamous epithelium? common locations? function?
several layers of flatten cells, found in skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina—-surfaces subject to abrasion
function=protection
Describe cuboidal epithelium? common locations? function?
layer of cubelike cells which may have microvilli on apical surface, found in glands
function= secretion and absorption
Describe columnar epithelium? common locations? function?
layer of tall slender cells which may have microvilli on apical surface, found in gut and respiratory tract
function= secretion and absorption
What are mesenteries?
sheets of loose connective tissue that hold abdominal organs in place and prevent abrasion
What is an osteon?
structural unit of bone, central canal surrounded by osteocytes embedded in concentric layer of mineral matter
What is the difference between tendons and ligament?
ligament connects bone to bone while tendons connect bone to muscle
Connective tissue may contain which of the following components?
collagen, intercellular substance, fibroblasts, macrogphages
