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BIOL 2312 > Chapter 42- Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 42- Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone? Where is it secreted into and how does it travel to different types of the body?

A

Regulatory chemical that is secreted into extracellular fluid and carried by the blood

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2
Q

What are the 2 basic hormone characteristics?

A
  1. Must be sufficiently complex to convey regulatory information to their target cells
  2. Must be adequately stable to resist destruction before
    reaching their target cells
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3
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms for signaling? describe each

A

1) classical endocrine - systemic
2) paracrine regulators - allow cells of organ to regulate eachother and do not travel in blood
3) autocrine regulators - self
4) neurohormone - released from neruons and travel in blood
5) pheromones - chemicals released into the environment to communicate among individuals of a single species, Not involved in normal metabolic regulation within an animal

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4
Q

What is the difference between neurotransmitters and neurohormones?

A

neurotransmitters act locally typically in the synapse while neurohormones are carried by blood. However, both can travel in the blood and act as a hormone.

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5
Q

What is norepinephrine? Is it a neurotransmitters or neurohormones?

A

It’s a neurotransmitter that coordinates the activity of heart, liver, and blood vessels during stress

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6
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone? Is it a neurotransmitters or neurohormones?

A

It’s a neurohormone secreted by neurons of the brain

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7
Q

What are the 4 classes of signaling molecules?

A

amine, steroid, peptide, and fatty acid

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8
Q

What signaling mechanisms do amine hormones use?

A

classical and neuroendocrine

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9
Q

What are most amine hormones based on?

A

tyrosine

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10
Q

What are amine hormones?

A

Most are hydrophilic molecules, which diffuse readily into the ECF and bind to receptors at the cell surface

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11
Q

What is thryoxine?

A

hydrophobic amine hormone secreted by the thyroid gland – it passes through the plasma membrane and binds to a receptor inside the target cell

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12
Q

What signaling mechanisms do peptide hormones use?

A

classical and neuroendocrine, may also act in paracrine and autocrine signaling

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13
Q

What is the structure of peptide hormones? Examples

A

Made of amino acid chains (3 to >200 amino acids), Some have carbohydrate groups attached. They are released into the blood or ECF. ex) growth factors

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14
Q

What signaling mechanisms do steriod hormones use?

A

classical

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15
Q

What are all hydrophobic molecules derived from?

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

What is the structure of steroid hormones? examples?

A

Combine with hydrophilic carrier proteins to form water soluble complexes that can diffuse through the ECF and
enter the bloodstream.
On contacting a cell, the hormone is released from its carrier protein, passes through the plasma membrane of the target cell, and binds to internal receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm
ex) aldosterone, cortisol,
and the sex hormones

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17
Q

What signaling mechanisms do fatty acid hormones use?

A

paracrine and autocrine

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18
Q

What are prostaglandins? (3 functions)

A

1) local regulator fatty acid hormone, which can Increase contractions of smooth muscle cells, particularly in the uterus.
2) Induce contraction or relaxation of smooth
muscle cells in blood vessels and air passages in
the lungs.
3) Intensify pain and inflammation in injured cells

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19
Q

What are the two functional classes of hormones?

A

lipophilic fat soluble and hydrophilic water soluble

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20
Q

What are lipophilic fat soluble hormones? (4)

A

nonpolar, steroid and thyroid hormones, travel on transport proteins in blood, bind to intracellular receptors, long active period

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21
Q

What are hydrophilic water soluble hormones? (4)

A

all other hormones, freely soluble in blood, bind to extracellular receptors, act over a brief time period

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22
Q

What is amplicfication?

A

each activated protein activates a larger number of

proteins for the next step in the pathway, small amounts of hormone can created a large effect

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23
Q

What does structures do the endocrine system include? 9 main glands?

A

all organs and tissues that secrete hormones

thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, gonads, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary, hypothalamus

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24
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as? location? structure?

A

aka hypophysis, hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus, made of anterior pituitary (adeno-hypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neuro-hypophysis)

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25
Q

Describe the pituitary gland origin?

A

diagram on 18

26
Q

What is the appearance of the anterior pituitary?

A

glandular

27
Q

What is the appearance of the posterior pituitary? key 2 facts?

A

fibrous, different embryonic origins, different hormones

28
Q

What are the 7 essential hormones that the anterior pituitary produces? what type of hormones are they?

A

1) Thyroid Stimulating Hormome (TSH)
2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
4) Growth hormone (GH)
5) Prolactin (PRL)
6) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
7) Luetinizing Hormone (LH)

most are tropic hormones or tropins

29
Q

What are tropic hormones or tropins?

A

Act on other endocrine glands

30
Q

What are 4 non-tropic hormones? functions?

A

1) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - Stimulates melanin production in melanocytes, little production in adults
2) Growth hormone (GH) - stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth in children and adolescents, thereby causing body growth. GH also stimulates protein synthesis and cell division in adults
3) Prolactin (PRL) - milk synthesis post-parteum
4) Endorphins - peptide hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary that help control pain

31
Q

What two hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? function?

A

1) Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) - stimulates kidney cells to
absorb more water from urine, thereby increasing
the volume of the blood

2) Oxytocin - stimulates the ejection of
milk from the mammary glands of a nursing mother, Males have it as well

32
Q

What are goiters caused by?

A

lack of iodine in the diet

33
Q

What are the 3 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland? function?

A

1) thyroxine (T4) - precursor converted in liver to T3
2) triiodothyronine (T3) - More active form Thyroid
hormones bind to nuclear receptors
3) Calcitonin - Peptide hormone, Stimulates the
uptake of calcium (Ca2+) into bones– lowering blood Ca2+ levels. Appears less important in the day-to-day
regulation of Ca2+ levels in adult humans

34
Q

What are the parathyroid glands? Hormone and function?

A

◦ 4 small glands attached to the thyroid
◦ Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) - stimulates osteoclasts to release Ca2+ into blood, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ from urine, Vitamin D activated by a PTH controlled enzyme, stimulates the intestinal
absorption of Ca2+

35
Q

Structure of Adrenal Glands?

A

1) medulla (inner portion)

2) cortex (outer portion)

36
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Stimulated via the sympathetic nervous system
Secretes the catecholamines: epinephrine and
norepinephrine

37
Q

What is the function of the cortex?

A

stimulated by ACTH and secretes corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and aldosterone (mineralocorticoid))

38
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

long-term stress response which effects lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, immune system, and damage repair.

39
Q

What are catecholamine hormones?

A

short-term stress response which effects cardiovascular
system, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, central
nervous system.

40
Q

What is the structure of the pancreas?

A

◦ Connected to the duodenum of the small intestine by the pancreatic duct
◦ Islets of Langerhans are scattered clusters of cells throughout the pancreas that produce hormones
based on blood glucose levels

41
Q

What two functions does the pancreas have?

A

exocrine and endocrine

42
Q

What is insulin secreted by? function?

A

◦ Secreted by beta (β) cells of the islets
◦ Stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells, or as fat in fat cells

43
Q

What is glucagon secreted by? function?

A

◦ Secreted by alpha (α) cells of the islets

◦ Promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver and fat in adipose tissue

44
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

cannot take up glucose from blood

45
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

◦ Individuals lack insulin-secreting β cells
◦ Treated by daily injections of insulin

insulin-dependent

46
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

more common, low number of insulin receptors, treated by diet and exercise

noninsulin-dependent

47
Q

Structure and function of pineal gland?

A

◦ Located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

◦ Secretes hormone melatonin

48
Q

What is the role of melatonin?

A

◦ Synchronizes various body processes to a circadian rhythm

◦ Secretion of melatonin activated in the dark

49
Q

What are the gonads? function?

A

Ovaries and testes in vertebrates. Produce sex steroids that regulate reproductive development

50
Q

What are the female hormones?

A

estrogen and progesterone

51
Q

What are the male hormones?

A

androgens, testosterone and its derivatives

52
Q

In annelids (worms), arthropods, and mollusks, endocrine cells and glands produce hormones that regulate?

A

reproduction, water balance, heart rate, and sugar levels

53
Q

What are the 3 major hormones that regulate molting and metamorphosis in insects?

A

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), Ecdysone, Juvenile hormone (JH)

54
Q

What does Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) do?

A

a peptide hormone secreted by neurosecretory neurons

stimulates the prothoracic glands to release ecdysone.

55
Q

What does Ecdysone do?

A

a steroid hormone secreted by prothoracic glands

promotes growth of a new exoskeleton under the old one and stimulates the release of other hormones that lead to the molt.

56
Q

Locatoion and structure of Juvenile hormone (JH)?

A

a terpenoid secreted by the corpora allata, a pair of glands just behind the brain

57
Q

What happens when JH is high? low?

A

If JH is high, the molt produces a larger larva – if it is low, the molt leads to pupation and the emergence of the adult

58
Q

What happens after the adult emerges from the pupa?

A

JH levels rise again and help trigger full mature sexual behavior.

59
Q

How does molting in crustaceans work? hormones involved?

A

◦ Before growth reaches the stage at which the exoskeleton is shed, moltinhibiting hormone (MIH), a peptide neurohormone secreted by a gland in
the eye stalks, inhibits ecdysone secretion
◦ As body size increases to the point requiring a molt, MIH secretion is inhibited, ecdysone secretion increases, and the molt is initiated

60
Q

What type of neurons release neurohormones?

A

neurosecretory

BIOL 2312 (14 decks)

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