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Biology > Chapter 41 - Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 41 - Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gonad

A

An organ that produces sex cells in animals

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2
Q

Semen

A

A fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid

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3
Q

Puberty

A

The beginning of sexual maturity

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4
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves

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5
Q

Infertility

A

The inability to produce offspring

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6
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an egg from the ovary

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7
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

A series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

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8
Q

Menopause

A

When ovulation and menstruation stop happening in a female

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9
Q

Menstruation

A

The discharge of the lining of the uterus and the unfertilised egg

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10
Q

Secondary female characteristics

A

Maturing and enlargement of the breasts, widening of the pelvis, increased body fat, growth of pubic and underarm hair, growth spurt

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11
Q

Secondary male characteristics

A

Growth of pubic, underarm, facial and body hair, enlargement of the larynx, causing the voice to break and deepen, increased muscular and bone development, widening of the shoulders, growth spurt, increased secretion of sebum in the skin

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12
Q

Fibroids

A

Benign tumours. Result from overproduction of cells. Do not spread

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13
Q

Fibroids symptoms

A

Prolonged menstrual bleeding (lead to anaemia), pain, miscarriage, infertility

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14
Q

Fibroids cause

A

Uncertain. May be abnormal oestrogen response. Larger in women taking the pill

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15
Q

Fibroids prevention and treatment

A

Small require none, frequent examinations. Large fibroids removed by surgery. May be necessary to remove uterus (hysterectomy)

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16
Q

Copulation

A

Act of sexual intercourse

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17
Q

Orgasm

A

Physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement

18
Q

Ejaculation

A

The release of semen from the penis

19
Q

Insemination

A

The release of semen into the vagina, just outside the cervix

20
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Sperm swim towards chemical released by egg

21
Q

Fertilisation

A

Nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg, forming a diploid zygote

22
Q

Implantation

A

The embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

23
Q

In-vitro fertilisation

A

Involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body

24
Q

Morula

A

A solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis

25
Q

Blastocyst

A

A hollow ball of cells formed from the morula

26
Q

Germ layers

A

Basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form

27
Q

Gestation

A

Length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth (266 days, 38 weeks, 9 months)

28
Q

Lactation

A

The secretion of milk by the mammary glands (breasts) of the female

29
Q

Birth control

A

Methods taken to limit the number of children that are born

30
Q

Contraception

A

The deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy

31
Q

Prolactin function

A

Stimulates milk production

32
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Mother’s pituitary gland

33
Q

Methods of contraception

A

Natural, mechanical, surgical and chemical method

34
Q

Natural contraception

A

Avoid intercourse when pregnancy is likely in menstrual cycle

35
Q

Mechanical contraception

A

Use of mechanical barriers. Condoms, diaphragms, caps

36
Q

Chemical contraception

A

Use of spermicides or hormones. The pill.

37
Q

Surgical contraception

A

Sterilisation for females (tubal ligation). Vasectomy for males. Permanent.

38
Q

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Produced where. Produced when. Functions

A

Pituitary gland. Days 1 to 5. Stimulates eggs and Graafian follicle to develop (which secretes oestrogen).

39
Q

Oestrogen

Produced where. Produced when. Functions

A

Graafian follicle (ovary). Days 5 to 14. Causes endometrium to develop. Inhibits FSH. Stimulate LH release

40
Q

LH (luteinising hormone)

Where. When. Functions

A

Pituitary gland. Day 14. Causes ovulation. Graafian follicle to develop into corpus luteum (makes progesterone)

41
Q

Progesterone

Where. When. Functions

A

Corpus luteum (ovary). Days 14 to 28. Maintains endometrium. Inhibits FSH and LH production (Prevents further pregnancies).

Biology (32 decks)

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