Chapter 41: Fluid and Electrolyte & Acid Base Balance Definitions

Question 0

This body fluid compartment is inside the cell. What is this defined as?

Answer 0

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 1

This is a fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body.

Answer 1

Interstitial fluid

Question 2

When there is any direct increase of (bicarbonate) base or a decrease of metabolic acid which increases blood (bicarbonate) base by releasing it from it’s buffering function. What is this defined as?

Answer 2

Metabolic Alkalosis

Ex. Common causes include vomiting and gastric section. The respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation. The decreased rate and depth of respiration allows carbonic acid to increase in the blood as seen by increased PaCO2. The need for oxygen may limit the degree of respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis.

Question 3

This is a technique in which a vein is punctured through the skin by a sharp rigid stylet. Purpose is to collect a blood specimen, start an IV infusion, provide vascular access for later use, instill a medication, or inject a radiopaque or other tracer for special diagnostic examinations.

Answer 3

Venipuncture

Ex. Contraindicated in a site has signs of infiltration, thrombosis, or infection. S/Sx: red, tender, swollen, and possibly warm to the touch because exudate may be present.

Question 4

If incompatible blood is transfused (a patient’s RBC antigens differ from those transfused) the patients antibodies trigger RBC destruction in a potentially dangerous immune response to the transfused blood components. What is this defined as?

Answer 4

Transfusion Reaction

Question 5

This is a reflection of unmeasured anions in plasma. Healthcare providers use this lab test to help identify the specific cause of a patient’s acid-base imbalance. Where is this defined as?

Answer 5

Anion Gap

Question 7

During alveolar hyperventilation, the lungs excrete too much carbonic acid (CO2 and water). The PaCO2 falls creating a deficit of carbonic acid in the blood which increases pH. This is usually short-lived, thus the kidneys do not that have time to compensate. what is this defined as?

Answer 7

Respiratory Alkalosis

Ex. When the pH of blood, CSF, and ICF increases acutely, cell membrane excitability also increases giving rise to neurological symptoms such as excitement, confusion, and paresthesias. If the pH rises high enough CNS depression may occur.

Question 8

Negatively charged electrolytes. What is this defined as?

Answer 8

Anions

Question 9

This test is used to monitor the patient’s acid-base balance. This test is this sample of arterial blood. What is this defined as?

Answer 9

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Question 10

These are pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids. What is this defined as?

Answer 10

Buffers

Ex. If there are too many free H+ ions, a buffer take them up so they no longer are free. If there are too few H+ ions, a buffer can release H+ ions to prevent an acid-base imbalance. Buffers work rapidly within seconds.

Question 12

Fluid in each compartment exerts _______ an inward pulling force caused by particles in the fluid. What is this defined as?

Answer 12

Osmotic Pressure

Question 13

These are positively charged electrolytes. What is this defined as?

Answer 13

Cations

Question 14

This is a charged particle. What is this defined as?

Answer 14

Ions

Question 15

Parenteral replacement therapy includes parenteral nutrition, IV fluid and electrolyte therapy (________), and blood and blood component (colloid) administration.

Answer 15

Crystalloids

Question 17

This is the net effect of four forces, two that tend to move fluid out of capillaries and small venules and two that tend to move back into the capillaries and small venules. This is how fluid moves into and out of capillaries between the vascular and interstitial compartments. What is this defined as?

Answer 17

Filtration

Question 18

Hypernatremia may occur in combination with ECV deficit, this combined disorder is called?

Answer 18

Clinical Dehydration

Question 19

This is an element or compound that when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current. What is this defined as?

Answer 19

Electrolytes

Question 20

This describes a condition that tends to make the blood relatively too acidic. There are two types respiratory and metabolic. What is that defined as?

Answer 20

Acidosis

Question 20

These are also called IV pumps or infusion pumps, they deliver an accurate hourly IV infusion rate. These use positive pressure to deliver a measured amount of fluid during a specific unit of time ex. 125 mL/hr. What is this defined as?

Answer 20

Electronic Infusion Devices (EID)

Question 21

This body fluid compartment is outside of the cell. What is this defined us?

Answer 21

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Question 22

Decreased vascular volume and that is often used when discussing ECV deficit. What is is defined as?

Answer 22

Hypovolemia

Question 23

This occurs when there is too much isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment. Intake of sodium containing isotonic fluid has exceeded fluid output. What is this defined as?

Answer 23

Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess (ECV Excess)

Ex. When you eat more salty foods than usual and drink water you may notice that your ankles swell.

Question 24

When IV fluid contains additives that damage tissue and the IV infiltrates this will show clinical manifestations of coolness, paleness, and swelling of the area. When this occurs immediately assess for any additives in the infiltrated fluid to determine what type of action is necessary to prevent local tissue damage and sloughing. What is this defined as?

Answer 24

Extravasation

Ex. Vasoconstrictors, high dose potassium, and other IV additives and subcutaneous tissue need different treatments from those needed for an infiltrated additive-free IV.

Question 25

This is water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins. What is this defined us?

Answer 25

Fluid

Question 27

This is the force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface. What is this defined as?

Answer 27

Hydrostatic Pressure

Ex. Capillary hydrostatic pressure is a relatively strong outward pushing force that helps move fluid from capillaries into the interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is a weaker opposing force that tends to push fluid back into the capillaries.

Question 28

This is an abnormally high potassium ion concentration in the blood. It’s general causes are increased potassium intake and absorption, shift of potassium from cells into the ECF, and decreased potassium output. what is this defined as?

Answer 28

Hyperkalemia

Question 30

This is a fluid of measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water. Some particles pass easily through cell membranes others such as sodium cannot cross easily. The particles that cannot cross easily determine ________ of a fluid.

Answer 30

Osmolality

tonicity

Question 31

This is a hypertonic condition. When this occurs water leaves the cells by osmosis and they begin to shrivel. Signs and symptoms include cerebral dysfunction which arises when the brain cells trouble. This is also called water deficit. What is it defined as?

Answer 31

Hypernatremia

Question 32

This solution is more concentrated than normal blood. What is this solution defined as?

This causes the cell to _______ at _________mOsm/L.

Answer 32

Hypertonic

Shrink at 360mOsm/L

Question 32

This is the liquid portion of the blood.

Answer 32

Intravascular Fluid

Ex. The plasma

Question 33

This is abnormally low calcium ion concentration in the blood. The physiologically active form of calcium in the blood is _____ calcium. Causes include decreased calcium intake, shift of calcium ions to bound form causing __________, decreased output, absorption and re-absorption in the colon. What is this defined as?

Answer 33

Hypocalcemia

Ionized

symptomatic ionized hypocalcemia

Question 34

This is an abnormally low potassium ion concentration in the blood. This results from decreased potassium intake and absorption, a shift of potassium from the ECF into cells, or an increased potassium output.

Answer 34

Hypokalemia

Question 35

This is also called oncotic pressure. This is in the inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that help move fluid from the interstitial fluid area back into the capillaries. _________ normally is a very small opposing force. What is this defined as?

Answer 35

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Question 35

This is an abnormally low magnesium concentration in the blood. Caused by decreased magnesium intake and absorption, shift of plasma magnesium to it inactive bound form, and increased magnesium output. Signs and symptoms include increased neuromuscular excitability. What is is defined as?

Answer 35

Hypomagnesemia

Question 36

This arises from a gain of relatively more water than salts or loss of relatively more salt and water. The excessively dilute condition of interstitial fluid causes water to enter cells by osmosis causing the cells to swell. Signs and symptoms of cerebral dysfunction occur when brain cells well. This is a hypotonic condition. What is is defined as?

Answer 36

Hyponatremia

Question 37

This type of solution is more dilute than the blood. Ex. The plasma. What is this solution defined as?

This causes the cell to _____ at ________ mOsm/L?

Answer 37

Hypotonic

Swell at 200mOsm/L

Question 38

This occurs when an IV catheter becomes dislodged or a vein ruptures and IV fluids inadvertently enter subcutaneous tissue around the venipuncture site. What is this defined as?

Answer 38

Infiltration

Question 41

This solution has the same concentration of non-permeant particles as normal blood. What is this solution defined as?

This causes the cell to _______ at ________mOsm/L?

Answer 41

Isotonic

Have no change at 280 mOsm/L

Question 42

This occurs when there is an increase of metabolic acid or a decrease of bicarbonate (base).

Answer 42

Metabolic Acidosis

Ex. This occurs when the kidneys are unable to excrete enough metabolic acid which begin to accumulate in the blood. This also occurs when bicarbonate is removed from the body directly as diarrhea.

Question 43

This is the inflammation of a vein that results from chemical, mechanical, or bacterial causes Risk factors include acidic or hypertonic IV solution, rapid IV rate, IV drugs such as KCl, vancomycin, and penicillin, VAD inserted in the area of flexion, poorly secured catheter, poor hand hygiene, and lack of aseptic technique. What is this defined as?

Answer 43

Phlebitis

Question 44

Water moves across cell membranes by this process which water moves through a membrane that separates fluids with different particle concentrations. What is this defined as?

Answer 44

Osmosis

Question 45

This is in the inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that help move fluid from the interstitial fluid area back into the capillaries. This is also called colloid osmotic pressure. What is this defined as?

Answer 45

Oncotic Pressure

Question 46

This occurs during alveolar hypoventilation. The lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2. The PaCO2 rises creating an excess of carbonic acid in the blood, which decreases pH. kidneys compensate by increasing excretion of metabolic acids in the urine, which increases blood bi-carbonate. This compensatory process is slow often taking 24 hours to show clinical effect and 3 to 5 days to reach steady state.

Answer 46

Respiratory Acidosis

Ex. Decreased cerebral spinal fluid pH and intracellular pH of brain cells cause decreased level of consciousness.

Question 47

This is the collection and reinfusion of a patient’s own blood. This is also known as an autotransfusion. What is this defined as?

Answer 47

Autologous Transfusion

Ex. Blood for this transfusion most commonly is obtained by pre-operative donation up to six weeks before a scheduled surgery. Ex. Heart, orthopedic, plastic, or gynecological

Question 48

This is a fluid such as cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids These fluids are secreted by epithelial cells.

Answer 48

Transcellular Fluids

Question 49

These are catheter or infusion ports designed for repeated access to the vascular system. These are for short-term use especially for fluid restoration after surgery and short-term antibiotic administration. Devices for long-term use include central catheter is an implanted ports, which empty into a central vein.

Answer 49

Vascular Access Devices (VADs)

Remember that the term central applies to the location of the catheter tip not where the catheter is inserted into the heart.
Ex.peripherally inserted central catheter’s enter a peripheral are moving and extend to the venous system to the superior vena cava where they terminate.

Question 50

This describes a condition that tends to make the blood relatively too basic (alkaline). There are two types respiratory and metabolic. What is that defined as?

Answer 50

Alkalosis

Question 50

Blood contains albumin and other proteins known as _______. These proteins are much larger than electrolytes, glucose, and other molecules that dissolve easily. These are too large to leave capillaries in the fluid that is filtered, so they remain in the blood. These particles exert osmotic pressure.

Answer 50

Colloids

Question 50

This is present when there is insufficient isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment. What is this defined as?

Answer 50

Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (ECV Deficit)

Ex. There is a lot of sodium in normal ECF with ECV deficit output of isotonic fluids exceeds intake of sodium containing fluid.
Because ECF is both vascular and interstitial; signs and symptoms arise from lack of volume in both of these compartments.

Question 50

This is an abnormally high calcium ion concentration in the blood. This results in increased calcium intake and absorption, shift of calcium from bones into the ECF, and decreased calcium output. Some signs and symptoms include decreased neuromuscular excitability and lethargy. What is this defined as?

Answer 50

Hypercalcemia

Ex. Patients with cancer often develop hypercalcemia because some cancer cells secrete chemicals into the blood that are related to parathyroid hormone. When these chemicals which the bones they cause shift of calcium from bones into the ECF.

Question 50

This is an abnormally high magnesium concentration in the blood. End-stage renal disease causes this unless the person decreases magnesium intake to match the decreased output. Signs and symptoms include decreased neuromuscular excitability lethargy and decreased deep tendon reflexes.

Answer 50

Hypermagnesemia

Question 51

Cells maintain their high intracellular electrolyte concentration by _______. This requires energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to move electrolytes across cell membranes across that concentration gradient.

Answer 51

Active Transport

Ex. Sodium Potassium Pump

Keeps ICF lower in Na+ than ECF
Keeps ICF higher K+ in ICF than the ECF