Chapter 40: Oxygenation Definitions Flashcards
This is a transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The condition results in chest pain that is aching, sharp, tingling, or burning or that feels like pressure. Typically chest pain is left-sided or substernal and often radiates to the left or both arms, jaw, neck, and back. In some patients the pain does not radiate. Pain usually last from 3 to 5 minutes. What is this defined as?
Angina Pectoris
This is the resistance to left ventricular ejection. The heart works harder to overcome the resistance so blood can be fully ejected from the left ventricle. What is this defined as?
The _________ pressure is a good clinical measure of this. In ________ this increases making cardiac workload also increase.
Afterload
diastolic aortic
hypertension
The most common mode of support provides both inspiratory positive airway pressure and expiratory positive airway pressure also known as positive and expiratory pressure. What is this defined us?
Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)
Incomplete expansion of the lungs,
usually caused by pressure from exudate,
fluid, tumor, or an abstracted airway;
may involve part or all of one lung. What is this defined as?
Atelectasis
When there is a bloody or blood sputum healthcare providers frequently perform diagnostic tests such as examination of ________ specimen, __________ examination, ________, and other x-ray film studies.
sputum
chest x-ray
Bronchoscopy
This is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute. The circulating blood volume changes according to the oxygen and metabolic needs of the body. What is this defined as?
Cardiac Output
Ex. Cardiac output increases during exercise, pregnancy, and fever but decreases during sleep.
This helps patients achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutrition counseling, relaxation and stress management techniques, and prescribe medications and oxygen. As physical reconditioning occurs a patient’s complaints of dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, and activity intolerance decrease. What is this defined as?
Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation
This is changed to CAB for adult and pediatric patients. The critical elements found to be essential for survival were chest compressions and early different relation.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
This is a group of therapies for ______ pulmonary secretions. These therapies include _________, chest percussion, and vibration. What is this defined as?
This is followed by productive _______ or _______ of a patient who has a decreased ability to cough. This is recommended for patients who have greater than ____ of sputum per day or have evidence of atelectasis on a chest re-examination. This is safe for infants and young children.
Chest Physiotherapy (CPT) mobilizing postural drainage coughing or suctioning 30 mL
This is a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the plural space, to prevent air or fluid from entering the pleural space, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures. These are common after chest surgery and chest trauma and are used to treat pneumothorax or hemothorax to promote lung reexpansion. What is this defined as?
Chest Tube
temporary cessation of breathing especially while sleeping. What is this defined as?
Apnea
This is useful for patients with pulmonary disease, postoperative patients, and women in labor to promote relaxation and provide pain control. This exercise improves efficiency of breathing by decreasing air trapping and reducing the work of breathing. What is this defined as?
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with underdeveloped lungs. What is defined as?
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node cause conduction disturbances. This is a deviation from the normal sinus heart rhythm. These occur as a primary conduction disturbance such as in response to ischemia, valvular abnormality, anxiety, drug toxicity, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco use, or as a complication of acid-base or electrolyte imbalance. What is this defined as?
Dysrhythmias
Difficult breathing, often associated with heart or lung disease and results in shortness of breath. Also called air hunger. This is a clinical sign of hypoxia. This is the subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. This is shortness of breath usually associated with exercise or excitement, but in some patients it is present without any relation to activity or exercise. What is this defined as?
Dyspnea
This reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system. This monitors the regularity and path of the electrical impulse through the conduction system. What is this defined as?
This test ______ reflect the muscular work of the heart.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
does not
This is a short-term artificial airway to administer mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, or clear secretions. A doctor inserts this not a nurse. What is this defined as?
Endotracheal Tube (ET)
This is a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work. What is this defined as?
Expiration
This is the vomiting of blood, indicated upper gastrointestinal bleeding. What is this defined as?
Hematemesis
This is an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura usually as a result of trauma. This produces a counterpressure and prevents the lung from full expansion. A rupture of small blood vessels from inflammatory processes, such as pneumonia or TB can cause this. In addition to pain and dyspnea, signs and symptoms of shock develop if blood loss is severe. What is this defined as?
Hemothorax
When this occurs bloody sputum is present, determine if it is associated with coughing and bleeding from the upper respiratory tract, sinus drainage, or the gastrointestinal tract. This has an alkaline pH, and hematemesis has an acidic pH, thus PH testing of the specimen may help to determine the source. What is this defined as?
Hemoptysis
This is the process of adding water to gas. Temperature is the most important factor affecting the amount of water vapor a gas can hold. Relative humidity is the percentage of water in the gas. Air or oxygen with high relative humidity keep the airways moist and loosens and mobilizes pulmonary secretions. This is necessary for patients receiving oxygen therapy at greater than _____ per minute. What is is defined as?
Humidification
4 L
This is a state of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than is produced by cellular metabolism. Severe anxiety, infection, drugs, or an acid base balance cause this. What is this defined as?
Hyperventilation
This occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide. As alveolar ventilation decreases the body retains carbon dioxide. What is this defined as?
Hypoventilation
Ex. Atelectasis a collapse of the alveoli, prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. As more alveoli collapse, less of the long is ventilated and hypoventilation occurs.
