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Bio 167 > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical

A

fats

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2
Q

To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as “nonessential” would be best described as one that

A

can be made by the animal’s body from other substances.

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3
Q

Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals?

A

maintenance of bone and calcium

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4
Q

Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur.

A

ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination

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5
Q

The gastrovascular cavity differs from the alimentary canal in that only the gastrovascular cavity _____.

A

has only a single opening

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6
Q

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

A

absorption

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7
Q

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A

allows specialized functions in specialized regions.

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8
Q

For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____.

A

mouth

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9
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with _____.

A

regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called “heartburn”

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10
Q

In the digestive system, peristalsis is

A

smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

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11
Q

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

A

stomach.

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12
Q

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

A

begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach

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13
Q

The cells that secrete the acidic components of stomach juices are

A

the parietal cells of the stomach

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14
Q

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

A

a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

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15
Q

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

A

grinding.

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16
Q

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

A

they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

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17
Q

) When the digestion and absorption of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is

A

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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18
Q

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

A

large intestine-bile production

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19
Q

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

A

Fat

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20
Q

Certain nutrients are considered “essential” in the diets of some animals because

A

these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients

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21
Q

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.

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22
Q

The natural antacid that protects the intestines against stomach acid is produced by the ______.

A

pancrease

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23
Q

absorption

A

the third stage of food processing in animals; the uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism’s body

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24
Q

alimentary canal

A

A complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth an an anus

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25
Q

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.

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26
Q

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

A

they have cellulose- digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

27
Q

Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through.

A

pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

28
Q

digestion

A

The second stage of food processing in animals; breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

29
Q

duodenum

A

the first section of the small intestine, where chynne from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall

30
Q

elimination

A

the fourth and final stage of food processing in animals; the passing of undigested material out of the body

31
Q

essential amino acid

A

an amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must be obtained from food in prefabricated form

32
Q

Essential fatty acid

A

an unsaturated fatty acid that an animal needs but cannot make

33
Q

essential nutrient

A

a substance that an organism cannot synthesize from any other material and therefore must absorb in preassembled form

34
Q

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

A

add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

35
Q

ingestion

A

the first stage of food processing in animals; the act of eating

36
Q

large intestine

A

The portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces

37
Q

leptin

A

A hormone produced by adipose cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite

38
Q

liver

A

A large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose levels and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood

39
Q

microvillus

A

one of many finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area

40
Q

mineral

A

In nutrition, simple nutrient that is inorganic and therefore cannot by synthesized in the body

41
Q

Pancreas

A

A gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues

42
Q

Pepsin

A

An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

43
Q

protease

A

an enzyme that digests proteins by hydrolysis

44
Q

ruminant

A

an animal, such as a cow or a sheep, with multiple stomach compartments specialized for the herbivorous diet

45
Q

Salivary glands

A

Salivary glands
a gland associated with the oral cavity that secretes substances that lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion

46
Q

Small intestine

A

The longest section of the alimentary canal; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food and macromolecules

47
Q

Stomach

A

an organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion

48
Q

The “essential nutrients” for proper human nutrition include _____.

A

calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals

49
Q

vitamin

A

an organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts

50
Q

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
A) blood clotting and vitamin C
B) normal vision and vitamin A
C) synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D
D) protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E
E) production of white blood cells and vitamin K

A

normal vision and vitamin A

51
Q 
The fat-soluble vitamins include
A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B12.
C) vitamin C.
D) iodine.
E) calcium.
A

vitamin A, D, E, & K

52
Q

A mineral that is especially important for preventing anemia is

A

iron

53
Q

Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because

A

folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.

54
Q

) Excessive iron absorption and accumulation to toxic levels is associated with

A

the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis

55
Q

Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a

A

crop

56
Q

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

57
Q

After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

A

carbohydrates

58
Q

Salivary amylase digests

A

starch

59
Q

Among mammals, it is generally true that
A) all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
B) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx.
C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.
D) the esophagus is a key source of digestive enzymes.
E) the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

A

the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

60
Q

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

A

initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.

61
Q

An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is

A

pepsin.

62
Q

The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach are

A

in the lumen of the stomach

63
Q

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

A

liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

Bio 167 (13 decks)

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