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Bio 167 > Chapter 33 > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ are animals that lack a backbone

A

Invertebrates

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2
Q

Except for sponges (basal organisms in phylum Porifera) and a few other groups, all animals have _______ and belong to the clade ________

A

tissues, Eumetazoa.

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3
Q

Most animals are in the large, diverse clade ______

A

Bilateria

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4
Q

Bilaterians (unlike sponges and cnidarians) have a ________ and a two-sided – bilaterally symmetric – form.

A

complete digestive tract,

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5
Q

Animals in the phylum ______ are known informally as sponges

A

Porifera

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6
Q

Sponges are ___________, capturing food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body

A

suspension feeders

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7
Q

In sponges, water is drawn through pores into a central cavity called the _______ and out the sponge through a large opening called the _________

A

spongocoel, osculum

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8
Q

__________, flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food

A

Choanocytes

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9
Q

Most sponges are _________: Each individual functions as both male and female

A

hermaphrodites

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10
Q

Phylum __________ is one of the oldest groups in the clade Eumetazoa

A

Cnidaria

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11
Q

Cnidarians have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including ___, ______, and ______

A

jellies, corals, and hydras

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12
Q

Cnidarians exhibit a relatively simple ______ (have 2 developmental germ layers), radial body plan (exhibit radial symmetry)

A

diploblastic, radial body plan

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13
Q

The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the ____________. And a single opening functions as mouth and anus

A

gastrovascular cavity

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14
Q

There are two variations on the Cnidarian body plan: the sessile ______ and motile ______

A

polyp, medusa

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15
Q

A _____ adheres to the substrate by the aboral end (the end opposite the mouth) of its body; also extends tentacles waiting for prey (eg., hydras, sea anemones)

A

polyp, tentacles

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16
Q

A _______ has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside

A

medusa

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17
Q

Cnidarians have tentacles are armed with _________, unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey

A

cnidocytes

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18
Q

_________ are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

A

Nematocysts

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19
Q

Most ________(class of Cnidaria) alternate between polyp and medusa forms

A

hydrozoans

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20
Q

The medusa is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most __________, and live among the plankton as jellies.

A

Scyphozoa

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21
Q

Cnidaria class with complex eyes embedded in the fringe of their medusae, also equipped with highly toxic cndocytes.

A

Cubozoa

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22
Q 
Cnidaria class \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes the corals and sea anemones, and these cnidarians occur only as polyps
Corals often form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard external skeleton of calcium carbonate.
A

Anthozoa

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23
Q

The overwhelming majority of the 1.3 million known animal species are_______, and most (Blank) are _______

A

bilaterians; invertebrates

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24
Q

The clade _________ includes the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids

A

Lophotrochozoa

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25
Q

Members of phylum _________ also called flatworms, are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening

A

Platyhelminthes

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26
Q

Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development, they are _________ (no central cavity)

A

acoelomates

27
Q

The best-known rhabditophorans (free-living species) are ________ that have light-sensitive eyespots and more complex and cetrilized nerve nets. Hemaphrodies that can repordice sexually or asexually through fission.

A

planarians

28
Q

Two important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans are the __________ _______________

A

trematodes and the tapeworms

29
Q

___________ are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system

A

Tapeworms

30
Q

The_________ (head), on tapeworms, contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host

A

scolex

31
Q

______ are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex

A

Proglottids

32
Q

Phylum ________ includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids. Soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by hard shell.

A

Mollusca

33
Q

Many molluscs also have a water-filled________ and feed using a rasplike ________

A

mantle cavity; radula

34
Q

_________ are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates

A

Chitons

35
Q

The most distinctive characteristic of _________ is torsion, which causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head; torsion is different from the coiling of a shell

A

gastropods

36
Q

________ are marine and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

A

Bivalves

37
Q

The mantle cavity of a bivalve contains ________ that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange

A

Gills

38
Q

Shelled _________ called ammonites were common but went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous 65.5 mya. The nautiluses survive today.

A

cephalopods

39
Q

Squids use their ________ to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly

A

siphon

40
Q

________ have bodies composed of a series of fused rings with a true coelom.

A

Annelids

41
Q

__________ , named for relatively sparse chaetae bristles made of chitin, include earthworms, leeches

A

Oligochaetes

42
Q

Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a ________,

is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis

A

cuticle

43
Q

Nematodes, or __________

A

roundworms

44
Q

The ________ body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

A

arthropod

45
Q

The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the ______, an ________ made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin

A

cuticle; exoskeleton

46
Q

Arthropods have an open circulatory system in which _________(body fluid which bathes tissues) is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs

A

hemolymph

47
Q

Horseshoe crabs are surviving members of a rich diversity of _________ that once filled the seas.

A

chelicerates

48
Q

Most modern cheliceriforms are ________, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

A

arachnids

49
Q

Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax (head + thorax), which has six pairs of appendages: the_________ (claw-like feeding appendages), the _________ (function in sensing, feeding, or reproduction), and four pairs of walking legs

A

chelicerae; pedipalps

50
Q

Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called_________(stacked plate-like structures contained in an internal chamber)

A

book lungs

51
Q

Subphylum__________includes millipedes and centipedes that have jaw-like __________

A

Myriapoda; mandibles

52
Q

Millipedes have many legs, with______ per trunk segment

A

two pairs

53
Q

Centipedes are carnivores

Centipedes have ________ of legs per trunk segment

A

one pair

54
Q

In _________ metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size

A

incomplete

55
Q

Insects with _________ metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar

A

complete

56
Q

Isopods include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. _________ are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

A

Decapods

57
Q

Planktonic crustaceans include many species of _______, which are among the most numerous of all animals

A

copepods

58
Q

Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata) include_______ and ________

A

sea stars: sea urchins

59
Q

___________ share developmental characteristics
Radial cleavage, Formation of the anus from the blastopore (embryonic developmental germ layer). Also are defined primarily by DNA similarites.

A

Deuterostomes

60
Q

Echinoderms have a unique _______, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding

A

water vascular system

61
Q

Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by

A

eating under cooked pork.

62
Q

Anatomy of a sea star, an echinoderm. Sea stars feed on bivalves by prying them open with their tube feet, ____________, and digesting their prey externally with digestive enzymes

A

everting their stomach

63
Q

Example of a _________ which has bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies
,is a lancelets

A

chordate

Bio 167 (13 decks)

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