Chapter 35

Question 1

An ______ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

Answer 1

organ

Question 2

Basic morphology of _______ reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from below ground and above ground

Answer 2

vascular plants

Question 3

Three basic plant organs evolved: _____, ______ and _______

Answer 3

roots, stems, and leaves

Question 4

Plant organs are organized into a ____ system and a ______ system

Answer 4

root; shoot

Question 5

Roots rely on _______ produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system, and shoots rely on _____ and _______ absorbed by the root system

Answer 5

sugar: water and minerals

Question 6

______ and ______ are the two major groups of angiosperms

Answer 6

Monocots and eudicots

Question 7

A root is an organ with important functions:

Answer 7

Anchoring the plant
Absorbing minerals and water
Storing carbohydrates

Question 8

Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a taproot system, which consists of:

Answer 8

A taproot, the main vertical root

Lateral roots, or branch roots, that arise from the taproot

Question 9

Most monocots have a fibrous root system, which consists of:

Answer 9

Adventitious roots that arise from stems or leaves

Lateral roots that arise from the adventitious roots

Question 10

In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the ______, which increase the surface area

Answer 10

root hairs

Question 11

A stem is an organ consisting of _______

Answer 11

An alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached
Internodes, the stem segments between nodes

Question 12

Rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, tubers are examples of _________

Answer 12

Modified stems

Question 13

The _______is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

Answer 13

leaf

Question 14

Leaves generally consist of a flattened _____ and a stalk called the _____, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Answer 14

blade: petiole

Question 15

The arrangment of the vascular tissues in monocots is _______

Answer 15

Parallel Veins

Question 16

The arrangment of the vascular tissues in eudicots is __________

Answer 16

Branching Veins( Netlike)

Question 17

In classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may use ________ as a criterion

Answer 17

leaf morphology

Question 18

Modified Leave: tendrilla= _______, Spines=_____,

Answer 18

Cling to support: prevent herbivory:

Question 19

_____ tissue provides a protective cover for the entire plant body.

Answer 19

Dermal

Question 20

_______ tissue transports material between root and shoot system.

Answer 20

Vascular

Question 21

_______ tissue carries out most metabolic functions.

Answer 21

Ground

Question 22

In woody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the _____

Answer 22

epidermis

Question 23

In leaves and most stems, a waxy caoting called the ______ helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.

Answer 23

cuticle

Question 24

In woody plants, protective tissues called _______ replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.

Answer 24

periderm

Question 25

______ are hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that secrete ______, _____, and _____ that can help protect against insects and disease

Answer 25

Trichomes: sticky fluids, toxins, and oils

Question 26

The two vascular tissues are _____ and ______

Answer 26

xylem and phloem

Question 27

_______ conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots.

Answer 27

Xylem

Question 28

_______ transports organic nurtients from where they are made to where they are needed.

Answer 28

Phloem

Question 29

The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the ______

Answer 29

stele

Question 30

In angiosperms the stele of the root is a _______________

Answer 30

solid central vascular cylinder

Question 31

The stele of stems and leaves is divided into ______ _____, strands of xylem and phloem.

Answer 31

vascular bundles

Question 32

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are the _____________

Answer 32

ground tissue system

Question 33

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is _____; ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is _____

Answer 33

pith: cortex

Question 34

Ground tissue includes cells specialized for ______, ______, and ______

Answer 34

storage, photosynthesis, and support

Question 35

Like any multicellular organism, a plant is characterized by _______, the specialization of cells in ________ and _______

Answer 35

cellular differentiation: structure and function

Question 36

Mature parenchyma cells

Answer 36

``` Have thin and flexible primary walls Lack secondary walls Are the least specialized Perform the most metabolic functions Retain the ability to divide and differentiate ```

Question 37

Collenchyma Cells

Answer 37

grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot They have thicker and uneven cell walls They lack secondary walls These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth

Question 38

Sclerenchyma Cells

Answer 38

rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin They are dead at functional maturity There are two types: Sclereids are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls Fibers are long and slender and arranged in threads

Question 39

Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem

Answer 39

The two types of water-conducting cells, tracheids and vessel elements, are dead at maturity

Question 40

Tracheids are found in the ______of all vascular plants

Answer 40

xylem

Question 41

Vessel elements are common to most _________ and a few __________. Align end to end to form long micropipes called ______

Answer 41

angiosperms: gymnosperms : vessels

Question 42

________ are alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles in Sugar-Conducting Cells of the Phloem

Answer 42

Sieve-tube elements

Question 43

_______ are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

Answer 43

Sieve plates

Question 44

Each sieve-tube element has a ________ whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

Answer 44

companion cell

Question 45

A plant can grow throughout its life; this is called ____________

Answer 45

indeterminate growth

Question 46

Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size; this is called _________

Answer 46

determinate growth

Question 47

________ are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

Answer 47

Meristems

Question 48

_________ are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

Answer 48

Apical meristems

Question 49

Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called________

Answer 49

primary growth

Question 50

__________ add thickness to woody plants, a process called ___________

Answer 50

Lateral meristems: secondary growth

Question 51

The _______ adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Answer 51

vascular cambium

Question 52

The _________ replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

Answer 52

cork cambium

Question 53

Meristems give rise to:

Answer 53

Initials, also called stem cells, which remain in the meristem Derivatives, which become specialized in mature tissues

Question 54

In _______ plants, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different locations

Answer 54

woody

Question 55

Flowering plants can be categorized based on the length of their life cycle

Answer 55

Annuals complete their life cycle in a year or less Biennials require two growing seasons Perennials live for many years

Question 56

Primary growth produces the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by _______

Answer 56

apical meristems

Question 57

root cap

Answer 57

protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil

Question 58

Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:

Answer 58

Zone of cell division Zone of elongation Zone of differentiation, or maturation

Question 59

A __________ is a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip

Answer 59

shoot apical meristem

Question 60

Leaves develop from _________ along the sides of the apical meristem

Answer 60

leaf primordia

Question 61

_______ develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

Answer 61

Axillary buds

Question 62

The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by ______, which allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

Answer 62

stomata

Question 63

Each stomatal pore is flanked by two _______, which regulate its opening and closing

Answer 63

guard cells

Question 64

The ground tissue in a leaf, called ________ , is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

Answer 64

mesophyll

Question 65

The mesophyll of eudicots has two layers: The __________ in the upper part of the leaf The ________in the lower part of the leaf; the loose arrangement allows for gas exchange

Answer 65

palisade mesophyll :spongy mesophyll

Question 66

Veins are the leaf’s _______ and function as the leaf’s ______ Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective __________

Answer 66

vascular bundles: skeleton: bundle sheath

Question 67

________ growth occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in ________

Answer 67

Secondary : leaves

Question 68

In woody plants the secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by the _____ and ______

Answer 68

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 69

Secondary growth is characteristic of _________ and many _______ , but not _______

Answer 69

gymnosperms: eudicots: monocots

Question 70

The ________ is a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick

Answer 70

vascular cambium

Question 71

Vascular cambium increases in circumference and adds layers of _______ to its interior and ________ to its exterior

Answer 71

secondary xylem: secondary phloem

Question 72

_________ accumulates as wood and consists of tracheids, vessel elements (only in angiosperms), and fibers

Answer 72

Secondary xylem

Question 73

Early wood, formed in the spring, has _____________ to maximize water delivery

Answer 73

thin cell walls

Question 74

Late wood, formed in late summer, has _____ cells and contributes more to _____

Answer 74

thick-walled: stem support

Question 75

In _______ regions, the vascular cambium of perennials is inactive through the ________

Answer 75

temperate: winter

Question 76

Tree rings are visible where _______ and ________ meet, and can be used to estimate a tree’s age

Answer 76

late and early wood

Question 77

__________is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change

Answer 77

Dendrochronology

Question 78

_________ is a model organism and the first plant to have its entire genome sequenced. ________ genes divided among _ pairs of chromosomes

Answer 78

Arabidopsis: 27,000: 5

Question 79

Arabidopsis is easily transformed by introducing ________ via genetically altered ______

Answer 79

foreign DNA: bacteria

Question 80

Flower formation involves a phase change from______ growth to ________ growth. Triggered by a combination of _________ and _________

Answer 80

vegetative: reproductive: environmental cues and internal signals

Question 81

Transition from vegetative growth to flowering is associated with the switching on of floral ____________

Answer 81

meristem identity genes

Question 82

Plant biologists have identified several organ identity genes (plant homeotic genes) that ___________. These are ____________.

Answer 82

regulate the development of floral pattern: MADS-box genes

Question 83

A mutation in a plant ________ can cause abnormal floral development

Answer 83

organ identity gene

Question 84

The _________ of flower formation identifies how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs: ______ _______ _______ and ________

Answer 84

ABC hypothesis: sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel