Chapter 40

Question 1

When the temperature of the outside air exceeds their internal body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will

Answer 1

constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears.

Question 2

If thermoregulation is considered to be a secondary function of the large ears of jackrabbits, then the primary function of the ears is

Answer 2

to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal.

Question 3

The four major categories of tissues are _____.

Answer 3

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

Question 4

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because

Answer 4

the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming

Question 5

The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because

Answer 5

they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes

Question 6

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have

Answer 6

increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches.

Question 7

Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up

Answer 7

organs.

Question 8

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is

Answer 8

simple squamous epithelium

Question 9

An example of a connective tissue is the

Answer 9

blood.

Question 10

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of

Answer 10

several layers of boxlike cells

Question 11

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by

Answer 11

the endocrine system.

Question 12

If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains

Answer 12

elastin fibers

Question 13

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the

Answer 13

glial cells.

Question 14

Muscles are joined to bones by

Answer 14

tendons.

Question 15

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

Answer 15

connective tissue.

Question 16

Homeostasis is the _____.

Answer 16

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

Question 17

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____.

Answer 17

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

Question 18

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

Answer 18

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.

Question 19

Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection?

Answer 19

You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

Question 20

A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____.

Answer 20

reduce the loss of body heat to the environment

Question 21

In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

Answer 21

invests little energy in temperature regulation.

Question 22

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by

Answer 22

evaporation.

Question 23

A female Burmese python incubating her eggs can warm them using

Answer 23

shivering thermogenesis.

Question 24

Metabolic rate is _____.

Answer 24

the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Question 25

Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples of

Answer 25

torpor

Question 26

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are

Answer 26

both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

Question 27

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____.

Answer 27

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

Question 28

In a system regulated by positive feedback, _____.

Answer 28

a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

Question 29

An energy-saving adaptation that conserves life during times of environmental stress or famine is _____.

Answer 29

slowing respiration and circulation as well as decreasing body temperature and metabolism

Question 30

All animals, whether large or small, have each living cell in contact with an

Answer 30

aqueous medium.

Question 31

Interstitial fluid is

Answer 31

) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

Question 32

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

Answer 32

epithelial tissue.

Question 33

Connective tissues typically have

Answer 33

relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Question 34

The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are

Answer 34

collagenous fibers.

Question 35

Muscles are joined to bones by

Answer 35

tendons.

Question 36

A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in

Answer 36

chondroitin sulfate of cartilage.

Question 37

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the

Answer 37

cell body.

Question 38

All skeletal muscle fibers are both

Answer 38

striated and under voluntary control.

Question 39

Cardiac muscle cells are both

Answer 39

striated and interconnected by intercalated disks.

Question 40

The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is

Answer 40

smooth muscle.

Question 41

An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

Answer 41

an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.

Question 42

Positive feedback has occurred when

Answer 42

uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.

Question 43

) Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

Answer 43

the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Question 44

Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of

Answer 44

evaporation.

Question 45

Endothermy

Answer 45

is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.

Question 46

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

Answer 46

are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.

Question 47

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

Answer 47

hypothalamus.

Question 48

In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise body temperature in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes, and cockroaches

Answer 48

a change in the body's thermostat "set point"

Question 49

"Winter acclimatization" in cold-zone mammals can include

Answer 49

hibernation for several weeks.

Question 50

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by

Answer 50

evaporation.