Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function

Question 1

The Body - An Orientation

Answer 1

• Anatomy
  
  • study of the body structure
• Physiology
  
  • Study of body function

Question 2

Anatomy - Levels of Studying

Answer 2

• Gross Anatomy
  
  • Large structures
  • Easily observable
• Microscopic Anatomy
  
  • ​​Very small structures
  • Can only be viewed with a microscope

Question 3

Levels of Organization

Answer 3

Question 4

Integumentary System

Answer 4

• External body covering
• Protects deep tissue from injury
• Helps regulates body temp
• House nerve receptors

Question 5

Skeletal System

Answer 5

• Protects organs
• Muscle attachment
• Blood production
• Stores minerals

Question 6

Muscular System

Answer 6

• Produces movement
• Produces heat

Question 7

Nervous System

Answer 7

• Fast acting control center
• Receives and interprets stimuli
• Activates muscles, glands

Question 8

Endocrine System

Answer 8

• Secretes hormones
  
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism

Question 9

Cardiovascular System

Answer 9

• Transport materials in body via blood pumped by heart
  
  • O2
  • CO2
  • Nutrients
  • Wastes

Question 10

Lymphatic System

Answer 10

• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Cleanses the blood
• Involved in immunity

Question 11

Respiratory System

Answer 11

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide

Question 12

Digestive System

Answer 12

• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminate indigestible material

Question 13

Urinary System

Answer 13

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Regulates water and electrolytes

Question 14

Reproductive System

Answer 14

• Produces offspring

Question 15

Interrelationships Among Body Systems (picture)

Answer 15

Question 16

​Body Tissues

Answer 16

• Histology - study of tissues
• Four major categories
  
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue

Question 17

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 17

• Locations
  
  • Body coverings
  • Body Linings
• Functions
  
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion

Question 18

Connective Tissue

Answer 18

• Functions
  
  • Binds tissues together (tendons)
  • Support the body (bone)
  • Provide Protection (bone, blood)
  • Transport (blood)
  • Storage (bone, fat)

Question 19

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 19

• Cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
• Two main elements:
  
  • 1. Ground Substance
  • 2. Fibers
       * Collagen (white) fibers
       * Elastic (yellow) fibers
       * Reticular fibers

Question 20

​Classification of Connective Tissue

Answer 20

• Can be divided into 3 subgroups
  
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Specialized connective tissue

Question 21

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 21

• Not tightly woven
• Fills spaces between organs
• Has 2 types:
  
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose

Question 22

Areolar Tissue (Loose)

Answer 22

• Like “cobwebs”
• Functions as a packing tissue

Question 23

Adipose Tissue (Loose)

Answer 23

• Contains many fat cells
• Functions
  
  • Insulates the body
  • Protects some organs
  • Serves as fuel storage

Question 24

Dense Connective Tissue

Answer 24

• Made of tightly packed protein fibers
• Tough collagen fibers, elastin fibers
• Locations:
  
  • Tendons - attach skeletal muscle to bone
  • Ligament - attach bone to bone at joints

Question 25

Specialized Connective Tissue

Answer 25

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Blood

Question 26

Bone (Specialized Connective Tissue)

Answer 26

• Composed of:
  
  • Bone cells (osteoblasts)
  • Hard matrix of calcium salts
  • Large numbers of collagen fibers
  • Used to protect; support the body

Question 27

Cartilage (SCT)

Answer 27

1. Hyaline cartilage
   
   • ​​​Most common type of cartilage
   • Composed of:
     
     • Collagen Fibers (glassy matrix)
   • Locations
     
     • Costal Ribs

Question 28

Cartilage cont..

Answer 28

• Elastic Cartilage
  
  • Highly elastic
  • Location:
    
    • The external ear
• Fibrocartilage
  
  • Strong; flexible
  • Location:
    
    • Cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Question 29

Blood (SCT)

Answer 29

• Unique fluid tissue
• Made of plasma and blood cells
  
  • Red and white blood cells
• Transport vehicle for materials

Question 30

Muscle Tissue

Answer 30

• Function is to produce movement
• Three muscle types
  
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth

Question 31

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 31

• Under voluntary control
• Contracts to pull on bones or skin
• Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
  
  • Striated
  • Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
  • Long, cylinder cells

Question 32

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 32

• Under involuntary control
• Found only in the heart
• Function is to pump blood
• Characteristics:
  
  • Cardiac muscle cells attached each other at intercalated disks
  • Striated

Question 33

Smooth Muscle

Answer 33

• Under involuntary control
• Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, blood vessels
• Characteristics:
  
  • No visible striations
  • Spindle-shaped cells

Question 34

Nervous Tissue

Answer 34

• Composed of neurons and nerve support cells (Glia)
• Control and coordinate the body
  
  • Irritability - picks up changes
  • Conductivity - sends messages